05418nas a2200265 4500008004100000022002500041245010900066210006900175260001200244300000900256490000700265520465800272653002104930653001004951653000904961653001004970653001504980653001604995653001005011100001505021700001705036700001805053700001405071856006705085 2021 eng d a1678-4375, 1519-698400aPrevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in Wild Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in Punjab region, Pakistan0 aPrevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in Wild Rock Pigeon Co c02-2021 a8 pp0 v833 a

Abstract The current study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in rock pigeons in different regions of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 120 birds were captured from March 2017 to February 2019. The ectoparasites were collected by standard procedures and preserved in 70% ethanol containing one drop of glycerin. Data related to age, health status, sex, type of area, sampling location and season were collected using a standardized form. Ectoparasites were identified based on morphological characteristics by using identification keys. Ninety-six (80%) birds were infested with ectoparasites. A total of seven families and thirteen species of different ectoparasites were observed. Mainly, seven species of lice, two species of flies, one species of tick and three species of mites were recovered from infested birds. The female pigeons were more often infested (89.02%) than male pigeons (60.52%). The prevalence was found higher during summer (100%) as compared to other seasons. The infestation rate was higher in Industrial area (97.50%) as compared to other regions. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites (100%) was recorded from Sargodha district. There was significant (P < 0.05) variation among number of ectoparasites on wing, chest, tail and neck within age groups, seasons and ecological zones. The occurrence of parasites in relation to area, age, health status, sex and season were significant. The infestation rate of parasites in rock pigeon is high in different districts of Punjab. It is recommended that these wild birds infested with multiple species of ectoparasites could be the potential source of infestations in domesticated birds if they come in contact with them. The contact of domesticated birds should be prevented from wild birds to minimize the chance of cross species transmission of ectoparasites.

Portuguese title: Prevalência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em Wild Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) na região de Punjab, Paquistão

Resumo
O presente estudo foi realizado para estimar a prevalência e diversidade de ectoparasitas em pombos-das-rochas em diferentes regiões de Punjab, Paquistão. Um total de 120 aves foram capturadas de março de 2017 a fevereiro de 2019. Os ectoparasitas foram coletados por procedimentos padrão e preservados em etanol 70% contendo uma gota de glicerina. Os dados relativos à idade, estado de saúde, sexo, tipo de área, local de amostragem e época do ano foram coletados em formulário padronizado. Os ectoparasitas foram identificados com base nas características morfológicas por meio de chaves de identificação. Noventa e seis (80%) aves estavam infestadas com ectoparasitas. Um total de sete famílias e treze espécies de diferentes ectoparasitas foram observados. Principalmente, sete espécies de piolhos, duas espécies de moscas, uma espécie de carrapato e três espécies de ácaros foram recuperadas de aves
infestadas. Os pombos fêmeas foram infestados mais frequentemente (89,02%) do que os pombos machos (60,52%). A prevalência encontrada foi maior no verão (100%) em comparação com as outras estações. A taxa de infestação foi maior na área Industrial (97,50%) em relação às demais regiões. A maior prevalência de ectoparasitas (100%) foi registrada no distrito de Sargodha. Houve variação significativa (P <0,05) entre o número de ectoparasitas na asa,
tórax, cauda e pescoço dentro das faixas etárias, estações do ano e zonas ecológicas. A ocorrência de parasitas em relação à área, idade, estado de saúde, sexo e estação do ano foi significativa. A taxa de infestação de parasitas em pombo-correio é alta em diferentes distritos de Punjab. Recomenda-se que essas aves selvagens infestadas com várias espécies de ectoparasitas possam ser a fonte potencial de infestações em aves domesticadas se entrarem em
contato com elas. O contato de aves domesticadas deve ser evitado com aves selvagens para minimizar a chance de transmissão cruzada de ectoparasitas.

Palavras-chave: piolhos, moscas, carrapatos, ácaros, pombo-da-rocha, prevalência, zonas ecológicas.

10aecological zones10aflies10alice10amites10aPrevalence10aRock Pigeon10aticks1 aTayyub, M.1 aAli, Shahzad1 aJavid, Arshad1 aImran, M. uhttps://www.scielo.br/j/bjb/a/G6X37zVQzMYxtnkKZ9ZFJSJ/?lang=en02299nas a2200229 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168260001200237300001200249490000800261520145600269653001201725653000901737653001101746653002701757653003101784100002001815700002601835700002101861700002201882856016501904 2021 eng d00aA Misidentification Crisis Plagues Specimen-Based Research: A Case for Guidelines with a Recent Example (Ali et al., 2020)0 aMisidentification Crisis Plagues SpecimenBased Research A Case f c04-2021 a262-2660 v1073 a

A recent paper in this journal concerning parasites of rock pigeons (Columba livia) published by Ali and colleagues exemplifies a growing trend of misidentified parasites in the literature, despite increased online resources that should help facilitate accurate identification. In the Ali et al. paper, a pigeon louse in the genus Columbicola (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) is misidentified as Menopon gallinae, which is a parasite of chickens (Gallus gallus) and their relatives; moreover, this louse is from an entirely different suborder of lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera). Another louse is misidentified as Goniodes dissimilis, another parasite of chickens and junglefowl. In addition, photographs of cestodes from pigeons in the same paper are not sufficient to confirm identification. Misidentifications are fueled, in part, by increasing pressure to publish coupled with a decrease in taxonomic expertise. We consider the downstream consequences of misidentification and suggest guidelines for authors, reviewers, and editors that could help to improve the reliability of specimen-based research.

Paper by Ali et al (2020), Ectoparasites and Intestinal Helminths of Pigeons in Medina, Saudi Arabial see original publication https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-parasitology/volume-106/issue-6/20-64/Ectoparasites-and-Intestinal-Helminths-of-Pigeons-in-Medina-Saudi-Arabia/10.1645/20-64.short or http://phthiraptera.info/node/95208

10aCestode10alice10aPigeon10aPublication guidelines10aSpecimen misidentification1 aBush, Sarah, E.1 aGustafsson, Daniel, R1 aTkach, Vasyl, V.1 aClayton, Dale, H. uhttps://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-parasitology/volume-107/issue-2/21-4/A-Misidentification-Crisis-Plagues-Specimen-Based-Research--A-Case/10.1645/21-4.full02997nas a2200205 4500008004100000245012400041210006900165260001600234300000600250490000700256520236400263653001702627653000902644653001502653653001602668653001402684100002602698700002502724856004202749 2021 eng d00aVariation in Ectosymbiont Assemblages Associated with Rock Pigeons (Columba livia) from Coast to Coast in Canada0 aVariation in Ectosymbiont Assemblages Associated with Rock Pigeo cJan-01-2021 a90 v133 a

When a species colonizes a new area, it has the potential to bring with it an array of smaller-bodied symbionts. Rock Pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin) have colonized most of Canada and are found in almost every urban center. In its native range, C. livia hosts more than a dozen species of ectosymbiotic arthropods, and some of these lice and mites have been reported from Rock Pigeons in the United States. Despite being so abundant and widely distributed, there are only scattered host-symbiont records for rock pigeons in Canada. Here we sample Rock Pigeons from seven locations across Canada from the west to east (a distance of > 4000 km) to increase our knowledge of the distribution of their ectosymbionts. Additionally, because ectosymbiont abundance can be affected by temperature and humidity, we looked at meteorological variables for each location to assess whether they were correlated with ectosymbiont assemblage structure. We found eight species of mites associated with different parts of the host’s integument: the feather dwelling mites Falculifer rostratus (Buchholz), Pterophagus columbae (Sugimoto) and Diplaegidia columbae (Buchholz); the skin mites: Harpyrhynchoides gallowayi Bochkov, OConnor and Klompen, H. columbae (Fain), and Ornithocheyletia hallae Smiley; and the nasal mites Tinaminyssus melloi (Castro) and T. columbae (Crossley). We also found five species of lice: Columbicola columbae (Linnaeus), Campanulotes compar (Burmeister), Coloceras tovornikae Tendeiro, Hohorstiella lata Piaget, and Bonomiella columbae Emerson. All 13 ectosymbiont species were found in the two coastal locations of Vancouver (British Columbia) and Halifax (Nova Scotia). The symbiont species found in all sampling locations were the mites O. hallae, H. gallowayi, T. melloi and T. columbae, and the lice Colu. columbae and Camp. compar. Three local meteorological variables were significantly correlated with mite assemblage structure: annual minimum and maximum temperatures and maximum humidity in the month the pigeon was collected. Two local meteorological variables, annual maximum and average temperatures, were significantly correlated with louse assemblages. Our results suggest that milder climatic conditions may affect richness and assemblage structure of ectosymbiont assemblages associated with Rock Pigeons in Canada

10afeather mite10alice10anasal mite10aRock Pigeon10askin mite1 aGrossi, Alexandra, A.1 aProctor, Heather, C. uhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/1/905475nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007900041210006900120260007000189490000800259520480900267653003205076653000905108653001005117653001305127653001605140653002005156100002605176856007905202 2020 eng d00aBird-associated permanent ectosymbionts examined at coarse and fine scales0 aBirdassociated permanent ectosymbionts examined at coarse and fi aAlbertabDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta0 vPhD3 a

All multicellular organisms host one or more species of symbiont. Endosymbionts of homeotherms experience relatively constant environments whereas those of ectotherms and all ectosymbionts experience variation in external environment. For ectosymbionts, both the presence of a host and a compatible external environment are necessary. Permanent symbionts (those with no off-host stages) are typically transferred from parent to offspring or via close contact between host individuals. There has long been an expectation that permanent symbionts should show patterns of genetic diversification similar to the host’s. Using the host/symbiont systems of Rock Pigeons (Columbidae: Columba livia Gmelin) and Ovenbirds (Parulidae: Seiurus aurocapilla [Linnaeus]) and their permanent ectosymbionts (lice and mites), I investigated factors that influence ectosymbiont assemblage and population structure at both broad and fine scales. To determine diversity of ectosymbionts that infest Rock Pigeons in Canada and whether there are geographic patterns in assemblages (Chapter 2), I sampled pigeons from: Vancouver BC, Calgary AB, Edmonton AB, Saskatoon SK, Winnipeg MB, Southern Ontario, and Halifax NS. I found 13 species of ectosymbionts: three of feather-dwelling mites, three skin mites, two nasal mites, and five feather lice. Only Vancouver and Halifax had all 13 ectosymbiont species, and only five species were found in every sampling location. I statistically assessed relationships between the local environment and the mite and louse assemblages. Annual precipitation, minimum humidity and maximum humidity of the month the pigeon was euthanized explained 10.6% of the variation in mite assemblages; annual maximum temperature, annual minimum humidity, and minimum temperature, and precipitation in the month before the pigeon was euthanized explained 10.7% of the variation in louse assemblages. Based on their more restricted distributions, I conclude that feather mites are more strongly affected by local environment than other ectosymbiont groups, and that humid coastal environments are suitable for more ectosymbiont species than dry continental regions. Rock Pigeons are non-migratory and are usually restricted to urban centres, suggesting that they should show strong genetic structure, which should be mirrored by their permanent ectosymbionts. In Chapter 3, I assess population structure of Rock Pigeons across Canada together with that of two of their louse species, Columbicola columbae (Linnaeus) and Campanulotes compar (Burmeister). ddRAD sequencing was used for pigeons and mtCOI for lice. Based on ΔK values and DAPC there were three genetic clusters for pigeons: one for Halifax, one for Vancouver and one that included all other sampling locations. The two louse species had different haplotype networks and the genetic structure of C. compar more closely resembled that of its host, matching predictions based on previous studies of its vagility relative to C. columbae. Rock Pigeons may be less sedentary than typically thought, or continuing introductions of Rock Pigeons are obscuring the signal of local differentiation of both bird and symbionts in most Canadian locations. In Chapter 4, I move from broad- to fine-scale distribution of symbionts on hosts. Infestation parameters of quill mites (Syringophilidae) are rarely examined because this requires dissection of quills. These mites use their long chelicerae to pierce the quill wall to feed on living tissue, and reproduce only inside the quill; therefore, quill wall thickness and quill volume could influence their colonization success. I assessed the distribution of the quill mite Betasyringophiloidus seiuri (Clark) from Ovenbirds from Canada to determine if specific feathers have higher mite prevalences or intensities, and if quill-wall thickness and quill volume vary with either of these infestation parameters. I examined the flight feathers of 21 dead ovenbirds, nine of which proved to be infested with quill mites. Feathers with the highest prevalence were Primaries 1 and 2, and Secondaries 1, 2, and 5. There was a strong positive correlation between quill volume and mean mite intensity. Feathers with quill walls thicker in some areas than the mites’ extended chelicerae had lower prevalences than feathers with walls consistently thinner than the length of the chelicerae. In summary, I found that aspects of both the ectosymbionts’ immediate habitat, the host, and the habitat of the host can potentially influence their broad- and fine-scale distribution and assemblage structure. However, much of the variation in my results was not explained by the parameters I examined; I recommend manipulative experiments in order to resolve some of the remaining mysteries.

10aBetaysringophiloidus seiuri10alice10amites10aOvenbird10aRock Pigeon10aSyringophilidae1 aGrossi, Alexandra, A. uhttps://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/ec589692-1dd5-4b15-8fcb-c91b5277c53604590nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245006800055210006400123260001200187300001000199490000800209520389200217653002304109653001304132653000904145653001204154653001304166100002404179700003004203700002004233700002204253856007304275 2020 eng d a0004-803800aThe role of scratching in the control of ectoparasites on birds0 arole of scratching in the control of ectoparasites on birds c02-2020 a1 - 90 v1373 a

Grooming by birds is thought to serve essential anti-parasite functions. While preening has been well studied, little is known about the function of scratching in birds. We conducted a series of experiments to determine the effectiveness of scratching for controlling feather lice (Columbicola columbae) on Rock Pigeons (Columba livia). First, we used a hobbling technique to impair scratching. After 6 mo, hobbled birds had significantly more lice than controls that could scratch. In addition, lice on hobbled birds were concentrated on the birds' heads and necks (i.e. the regions that birds scratch). Secondly, we tested the role the claw plays in scratching by declawing nestlings. Once mature, declawed pigeons had significantly more lice than control birds with claws. Moreover, lice on declawed birds were concentrated on the head and neck. Next, we tested whether the flange found on the middle claw of many bird species enhances scratching. We experimentally manipulated the flange; however, the number and location of lice on birds without flanges was not significantly different than that on control birds with intact flanges. Finally, we tested whether scratching removes parasites directly or indirectly by “flushing” them onto body regions where they can be preened. When we impaired scratching (with hobbles) and preening (with “bits”) we found that scratching no longer reduced the number of lice on birds. Our results indicated that scratching and preening work synergistically; scratching reduces parasite load by flushing lice onto regions of the body where they can be eliminated by preening.

El rol del rascado en el control de ectoparásitos en aves
RESUMEN
Se piensa que el aseo por parte de las aves tiene funciones antiparasitarias esenciales. Mientras que el acicalamiento ha sido bien estudiado, poco se sabe sobre la función del rascado en las aves. Realizamos una serie de experimentos para determinar la efectividad del rascado en el control del piojo de las plumas (Columbicola columbae) en Columba livia. Primero, usamos una técnica de cojera para impedir el rascado. Luego de seis meses, las aves con cojera tenían significativamente más piojos que las aves control que si podían rascarse. Adicionalmente, los piojos en las aves cojas se concentraron en la cabeza y el cuello de las aves (i.e. las regiones que se rascan las aves). Segundo, evaluamos el rol que juegan las garras en el rascado en polluelos a los que se les sacaron las garras. En la madurez, las palomas sin garras tuvieron significativamente más piojos que las aves control con garras. Más aún, los piojos en las aves sin garras se concentraron en la cabeza y el cuello. Luego, evaluamos si el reborde que se encuentra en la garra del medio de muchas especies de aves mejora el rascado. Manipulamos experimentalmente el reborde; sin embargo, el número y la ubicación de los piojos en las aves sin rebordes no fueron significativamente diferentes del de las aves control con rebordes intactos. Finalmente, evaluamos si el rascado remueve a los parásitos directamente o indirectamente “corriéndolos” hacia regiones del cuerpo donde las aves pueden acicalarse. Cuando impedimos el rascado (con cojera) y el acicalamiento (con “frenos”), encontramos que el rascado dejó de reducir el número de piojos en las aves. Nuestros resultados indicaron que
el rascado y el acicalamiento funcionan en sinergia; el rascado reduce la carga parasitaria corriendo a los piojos hacia las regiones del cuerpo donde pueden ser eliminados por acicalamiento.


Palabras clave: acicalamiento, aseo, defensa comportamental, Ischnocera, palomas, Phthiraptera, piojo

10abehavioral defense10agrooming10alice10aPigeons10apreening1 aGoodman, Graham, B.1 aKlingensmith, Margaux, C.1 aBush, Sarah, E.1 aClayton, Dale, H. uhttps://academic.oup.com/auk/article/doi/10.1093/auk/ukaa010/574350502439nas a2200397 4500008004100000020001400041245007600055210006900131260000900200300001400209490000800223520126800231653001501499653002501514653001201539653004001551653001701591653001501608653002201623653002601645653003201671653001301703653000901716653003701725653004501762653000901807653002001816100002201836700002101858700002001879700001801899700002101917700001901938700001501957856006901972 2005 eng d a0962-845200aAdaptive significance of avian beak morphology for ectoparasite control0 aAdaptive significance of avian beak morphology for ectoparasite  c2005 a811 - 8170 v2723 a

The beaks of Darwin's finches and other birds are among the best known examples of adaptive evolution. Beak morphology is usually interpreted in relation to its critical role in feeding. However, the beak also plays an important role in preening, which is the first line of defence against harmful ectoparasites such as feather lice, fleas, bugs, flies, ticks and feather mites. Here, we show a feature of the beak specifically adapted for ectoparasite control. Experimental trimming of the tiny (1-2 mm) maxillary overhang of rock pigeons (Columba livia) had no effect on feeding efficiency, yet triggered a dramatic increase in feather lice and the feather damage they cause. The overhang functions by generating a shearing force against the tip of the lower mandible, which moves forward remarkably quickly during preening, at up to 31 timesper second. This force damages parasite exoskeletons, significantly enhancing the efficiency of preening for parasite control. Overhangs longer than the natural mean of 1.6mm break significantly more often than short overhangs. Hence, stabilizing selection will favour overhangs of intermediate length. The adaptive radiation of beak morphology should be re-assessed with both feeding and preening in mind.

10aadaptation10aAnalysis of Variance10aanimals10aBeak/anatomy & histology/physiology10aBiomechanics10aColumbidae10aComparative Study10aFeathers/parasitology10aFeeding Behavior/physiology10agrooming10alice10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.10aUtah10aVideo Recording1 aClayton, Dale, H.1 aMoyer, Brett, R.1 aBush, Sarah, E.1 aJones, T., G.1 aGardiner, D., W.1 aRhodes, B., B.1 aGoller, F. uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45880.pdf02246nas a2200277 4500008004100000245006100041210006000102260000900162300001400171490000800185520149200193653000901685653001601694653001101710653001201721653001701733653001201750653000901762653001501771653001401786100002201800700002501822700002101847700001901868856008101887 1999 eng d00aReciprocal natural selection on host-parasite phenotypes0 aReciprocal natural selection on hostparasite phenotypes c1999 a261 - 2700 v1543 a

Coevolution is evolution in one species in response to selection imposed by a second species, followed by evolution in the second species in response to reciprocal selection imposed by the first species. Although reciprocal selection is a prerequisite of coevolution, it has seldom been documented in natural populations. We examined the feasibility of reciprocal selection in a simple host-parasite system consisting of feral pigeons (Columba livia) and their Ischnoceran feather lice (Phthiraptera: Insecta). We tested for a selective effect of parasites on hosts with experimentally altered defenses and for a selective effect of host defense on a component of parasite escape. Previous work indicates that pigeons control lice through efficient preening, while lice escape from preening using complex avoidance behavior. Our results show that feral pigeons with impaired preening, owing to slight bill deformities, have higher louse loads than pigeons with normal bills. We use a controlled experiment to show that high louse loads reduce the survival of pigeons, suggesting that lice select for efficient preening and against bill deformities. In a reciprocal experiment, we demonstrate that preening with a normal bill selects for small body size in lice, which may facilitate their escape From preening. The results of this study verify a crucial element of coevolutionary theory by identifying likely targets of reciprocal phenotypic selection between host and parasite.

10abird10acoevolution10acuckoo10aCuculus10aectoparasite10afitness10alice10arock doves10avirulence1 aClayton, Dale, H.1 aLee, Patricia, L. M.1 aTompkins, D., M.1 aBrodie, E., D. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/1224_0.pdf02190nas a2200301 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260000900210300001400219490000800233520138100241653001001622653000901632653001001641653001201651653001701663653000901680653000901689653001001698653001501708653001701723653000901740653001301749653001101762100002201773700002101795856007201816 1995 eng d00aComparative effects of mites and lice on the reproductive success of rock doves (Columba livia)0 aComparative effects of mites and lice on the reproductive succes c1995 a195 - 2060 v1103 a

We report experimental data comparing the effects of Mesostigmatid mites and Ischnoceran lice on the reproductive performance of a single group of captive rock doves (Columba livia). Several components of host reproductive success were compared for the two groups, including number of eggs laid, hatching success, nestling growth rates, fledging success, post-fledging body mass and survival. Adult body mass and survival were also compared. There was a dramatic difference in the effects of the mites and lice. The former drove host reproductive success to zero, mainly by agitating adults and causing them to incubate eggs less faithfully. Nestling growth rates and post-fledging survival were also significantly reduced by mites. Lice showed no effect on reproductive success whatsoever, even though the feather damage they cause is known to have energetic consequences (Booth, Clayton and Block, 1993). Neither parasite had a significant effect on adult birds. Although Ischnocera are found on most species of birds, our results for lice constitute the first experimental test of the impact of Ischnocera on avian reproductive success (preliminary report by Clayton and Tompkins, 1994). We discuss reasons for the different effects of mites and lice, including the relationship of horizontal (mites) and vertical (lice) transmission to the evolution of virulence,

10acliff10acost10adoves10aecology10aectoparasite10ahost10alice10amites10aparasitism10areproduction10arock10aswallows10avector1 aClayton, Dale, H.1 aTompkins, D., M. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0742.pdf01557nas a2200301 4500008004100000245007400041210006800115260000900183300001200192490000600204520074700210653001000957653001700967653001800984653001301002653001601015653001701031653001301048653000901061653000901070653001001079653001501089653001101104653001301115100002901128700001901157856007901176 1971 eng d00aThe distribution of Mallophaga on the domestic pigeon (Columba livia)0 adistribution of Mallophaga on the domestic pigeon Columba livia c1971 a21 - 290 v13 a

The distribution of Hohorstiella lata, Colpocephalum turbinatum, Campanulotes bidentatus comparand Columbicola columbae on domestic pigeons was determined. Each species laid its eggs on a different part of the body but all fed on the fluffy part of the body feathers. H. lata also fed on blood and C. turbinatum on its own eggs and nymphs. Reduction of the efficiency of preening led to an increase in the number of lice and more widespread distribution of nymphs and adults but not to a rapid change in the distribution of the eggs. It is suggested that preening has played a major slective role, and that the morphological and behavioural adaptions of the lice are to ensure that they and their eggs survive this type of predation.

10aavian10aCampanulotes10aColpocephalum10aColumbia10aColumbicola10adistribution10adomestic10ahost10alice10alivia10aMallophaga10aPigeon10apreening1 aNelson, Bernard, Clinton1 aMurray, M., D. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0128.pdf