01864nas a2200169 4500008004100000245007400041210006700115260000900182300001400191490000700205520131200212100002501524700002401549700002401573700002401597856007301621 2006 eng d00aHead louse infestations: the “no nit” policy and its consequences0 aHead louse infestations the no nit policy and its consequences c2006 a891 - 8960 v453 a
Health authorities in the USA, Canada and Australia recommend a “no nit” policy, i.e. theimmediate dismissal of all children who have head lice, eggs and/or nits on their hair from school, camp or child-care settings. These children would be readmitted to the institution only when all head lice, eggs and nits have been removed. The “no nit” policy assumes that all nits seen when examining the scalp are viable and therefore the infested individual should be treated for lice, and all nits must be removed from the scalp. However, it has been repeatedly shown that only a small number of children who have nits on their scalp are also infested with living lice. Accordingly, in the USA alone 4–8 million children are treated unnecessarily for head lice annually, which amounts to 64% of all lice treatments. In addition, 12–24 million school days are lost annually. The annual economic loss owing to missed workdays by parents who have to stay home with their children adds US$4–8 billion to the country’s economy. The policy also results in serious psychological problems for children and their parents. Therefore, the “no nit” policy should be abandoned and alternative ways of examination and treatment for head lice should be found.
1 aMumcuoglu, Kosta, Y.1 aMeinking, Terri, A.1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46305.pdf02029nas a2200241 4500008004100000020001400041245014100055210006900196260002400265300001400289490000800303520120400311653001201515653003001527653002201557653001401579653003701593100002401630700002401654700001601678700001701694856007601711 1998 eng d a1072-471000aThe adherent cylindrical nit structure and its chemical denaturation in vitro: an assessment with therapeutic implications for head lice0 aadherent cylindrical nit structure and its chemical denaturation aUNITED STATESc1998 a711 - 7120 v1523 aPediculus humanus capitis is the insect responsible for head lice. During the female louse's 30-day lifespan, she lays approximately 10 eggs per day and attaches each of them with a gluelike, waterproof substance to human hair, 1 mm from the scalp. Larvae emerge 8 to 10 days later from these nits, or eggs, which remain firmly attached to hair.No topical agent has been shown to be 100% ovicidal.1 The existence of any nits, a major aspect of lice infestations, signifies the potential that this contagious malady may still be present. Many schools, therefore, adhere to a "no-nit" policy before children can reenter the classroom after infestation, thereby imposing prolonged absenteeism. Insecticides fail to kill all nits and larvae because they act on the insects' central nervous systems, which are not fully developed in the first 4 days of the insects' existence. Several products, namely, Clear lice egg remover gel (Care Technologies, Greenwich, Conn), Step 2 (Genderm, Lincolnshire, Ill), and a 50/50 mixture of vinegar and water, have been suggested as beneficial in nit removal. However, no clinical benefit has been documented in the medical literature.2
10aanimals10aLice Infestations/therapy10aOvum/drug effects10aPediculus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aPchalek, I.1 aArbogast, J. uhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/18965101900nas a2200361 4500008004100000245006500041210006400106260000900170300001400179490000700193520084400200653001001044653002501054653001201079653003301091653001001124653002101134653001101155653005101166653001601217653002601233653001401259653003701273653002101310653001901331653001801350653001101368100001801379700002401397700002401421700001401445856007901459 1999 eng d00aSchool nurses' perceptions of and experiences with head lice0 aSchool nurses perceptions of and experiences with head lice c1999 a153 - 1580 v693 aResearchers examined school nurses' perceptions of head lice, perceived self-efficacy in dealing with head lice, and personal experience in reducing head lice problems. Survey data from a two-wave mailing from 382 school nurses found most nurses supported a "no-nit" rule of forced absenteeism of any child with nits in their hair (60%). They perceived OTC treatments for head lice as very effective in killing adult lice (66%), and 9% perceived them as not effective. Nurses had a high efficacy expectation regarding their ability to control head lice (63%), and they had high outcome expectations regarding the results of their work with students and families of students (66%). Most nurses received their information about head lice from professional journals (76%) and professional conferences/conventions (62%).
10aadult10aAnalysis of Variance10aanimals10aAttitude of Health Personnel10achild10aChild, Preschool10ahumans10aLice Infestations/nursing/prevention & control10aMiddle Aged10aOrganizational Policy10aPediculus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10ascalp dermatoses10aSchool Nursing10aSelf Efficacy10aU.S.A.1 aPrice, J., H.1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aIslam, R. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb04174.x01658nas a2200265 4500008004100000245004600041210004600087260000900133300001400142490000700156520092500163653001601088653001201104653002501116653002001141653002501161653001401186653003701200100002401237700002401261700001601285700001801301700002401319856004901343 1999 eng d00aMolecular composition of the louse sheath0 aMolecular composition of the louse sheath c1999 a559 - 5610 v853 aFlash pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to assess the chemical composition of the head louse's nit sheath. The pyrolyzate of the female insect's secretions, which form a cement-like cylinder holding the egg onto the hair, is dominated by amino acid derivatives and fatty acids. No chitin-specific compounds were detected in the sheath. These results, contrary to previous reports, show that the polymeric complex of the sheath is composed of proteinaceous moieties, possibly cross-linked to aliphatic components. This study constitutes the first chemical characterization of the pyrolysis products of insect (louse) glue and unequivocally confirms that louse sheaths are not chitinous, as suggested by earlier histochemical studies. Development of agents that might loosen nits from the hair shaft is dependent on research that addresses the chemical composition of the nit sheath.
10aAmino Acids10aanimals10aFatty Acids/analysis10aInsect proteins10aMass Fragmentography10aPediculus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aStankiewicz, B., A.1 aPchalek, I.1 aKruge, M., A.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G. uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3285796.pdf01100nas a2200229 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132260000900201300001400210490000700224520039000231653001200621653001100633653003500644653002400679653001400703100002400717700001700741700001500758700002400773856007300797 1999 eng d00aHistochemical analysis of the nit of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aHistochemical analysis of the nit of Pediculus humanus capitis A c1999 a530 - 5320 v363 aHistochemical stainings of head louse nits were performed and observations indicated that the nit sheath was nonchitinous. One discernable membrane composed of hyaluronic acid was established that encircled the larvae within the egg. The structural framework of the egg included a definite lattice around each aeropyle of the operculum, through which oxygen exchange occurred.
10aanimals10ahumans10aLice Infestations/parasitology10aOvum/ultrastructure10aPediculus1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aArbogast, J.1 aSmythe, P.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45061.pdf01614nas a2200265 4500008004100000020001400041245011200055210006900167260002400236300001400260490000700274520068700281653001200968653001100980653003500991653002401026653001401050653003701064653002101101100002401122700002401146700002001170700001701190856014101207 1999 eng d a0022-258500aScanning electron microscopy of human head louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae) egg and its clinical ramifications0 aScanning electron microscopy of human head louse Anoplura Pedicu aUNITED STATESc1999 a454 - 4560 v363 aPediculosis affects more elementary school students than all other communicable childhood diseases combined, excluding the common cold. The current study using scanning electron microscopy visualized operculums through which developing embryos received oxygen, as well as fracture lines within the adherent sheath by which the egg is attached to the hair. Using microscopic techniques, including freeze-fracturing, the mode of attachment of the sheath to the hair follicle was observed, in addition to the existence of several inner membranes enclosing the embryo within the egg structure. The chemical nature of the sheath is also analyzed using electron dispersive x-ray analysis.10aanimals10ahumans10aMicroscopy, Electron, Scanning10aOvum/ultrastructure10aPediculus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10ascalp dermatoses1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aGunning, W., T.1 aArbogast, J. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/scanning-electron-microscopy-human-head-louse-anoplura-pediculidae-egg-and-its-clinical-rami00839nas a2200277 4500008004100000020001400041245005400055210005400109260002400163300001400187490000800201653002500209653001200234653001700246653001000263653002100273653001400294653000900308653001100317653003100328653004800359653001200407100002400419700002400443856009400467 2000 eng d a0003-995000aOral ivermectin therapy for phthiriasis palpebrum0 aOral ivermectin therapy for phthiriasis palpebrum aUNITED STATESc2000 a134 - 1350 v11810aAdministration, Oral10aanimals10aanthelmintic10achild10aChild, Preschool10aEyelashes10ahair10ahumans10aIvermectin/therapeutic use10aLice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology10aPthirus1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/oral-ivermectin-therapy-phthiriasis-palpebrum01353nas a2200229 4500008004100000020001400041245010200055210006900157260002400226300001400250490000700264520061600271653001200887653001300899653001100912653003500923653002400958100002400982700001601006700002401022856007701046 2000 eng d a0011-905900aScanning electron microscopic examination of the egg of the pubic louse (Anoplura: Pthirus pubis)0 aScanning electron microscopic examination of the egg of the pubi aUNITED STATESc2000 a201 - 2020 v393 aOBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the eggs of pubic lice with consideration of their clinical relevance. STUDY DESIGN: Pubic lice eggs were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The egg is totally encased by a proteinaceous sheath, except for the operculum, by which oxygen exchange occurs. CONCLUSION: Pubic lice have proved resilient to human therapies through the ages. The anatomical target of topical insecticides for ovicidal kill is the operculum and the protective layers that surround the developing embryo. More research into these structures is warranted.
10aanimals10aAnoplura10ahumans10aMicroscopy, Electron, Scanning10aOvum/ultrastructure1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aGunning, W.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00901.x01722nas a2200301 4500008004100000245007000041210006800111260000900179300001400188490000600202520085500208653001201063653001001075653002201085653003101107653001101138653001601149653003501165653001401200653001501214653002301229653001401252653002101266653002201287100002401309700002401333856006301357 2000 eng d00aClinical evidence of lice resistance to over-the-counter products0 aClinical evidence of lice resistance to overthecounter products c2000 a199 - 2010 v43 aBACKGROUND: Over-the-counter insecticidal solutions continue to be the mainstream treatment for most cases of head lice. Recorded insecticidal activity 15 years ago was at 100%, with ovicidal kill at 80%. Recently scattered accounts of possible resistance have surfaced. OBJECTIVE: This article is to document the general consensus that head lice are becoming resistant to standard over-the-counter therapies. METHODS: Direct testing of lethality of adult lice with permethrin and pyrethroid was assessed. RESULTS: Present over-the-counter products proved to be successful in only 9 of 32 head lice tested (28% insecticidal activity). CONCLUSIONS: Our series of cases further documents that over-the-counter head lice preparations no longer achieve high levels of insecticidal activity, suggesting increased resistance to these insecticides.
10aanimals10achild10aDrug Combinations10aDrug Resistance, Microbial10ahumans10ainsecticide10aLice Infestations/drug therapy10aPediculus10aPermethrin10aPiperonyl Butoxide10aPyrethrum10ascalp dermatoses10aTreatment Failure1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aBurkhart, Craig, N. uhttp://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/12034754000040040501828nas a2200229 4500008004100000020001400041245011600055210006900171260001700240300001400257490000600271520098000277653001201257653001101269653003501280653001401315653003701329100002401366700002401390700002001414856016401434 2000 eng d a1203-475400aScanning electron microscopy of adult head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) with focus on clinical implications0 aScanning electron microscopy of adult head lice Pediculus humanu aCanadac2000 a181 - 1850 v43 aBACKGROUND: The incidence of head lice infestations in North America is escalating with an estimated 12 million cases of head lice per year despite the existence of insecticidal therapies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate certain characteristics of the human head louse, including their chitinous structure, nymphal developmental stages, legs with claw adaptations, antennae with sensory perceptions, and spiracles by which oxygen exchange occurs, for assessment of possible means to control the spread and growth of this insect. METHODS: Scanning electron-microscopic examination of head lice was performed. RESULTS: Newer treatments of head lice must acknowledge defense mechanisms that are based on anatomic structure and physiologic characteristics, details of louse transmission, and the insects' ability to 'resurrect' after sham death. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of lice entomology is essential in the pursuit of novel means to control the lice epidemic.
10aanimals10ahumans10aMicroscopy, Electron, Scanning10aPediculus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aGunning, W., T. uhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/12100953_Scanning_electron_microscopy_of_adult_head_lice_Pediculus_humanus_capitis_with_focus_on_clinical_implications00786nas a2200241 4500008004100000020001400041245009700055210006900152260002400221300001400245490000700259653001200266653001400278653001000292653002100302653001100323653004800334653001400382653002100396100002400417700002400441856007900465 2000 eng d a0011-905900aThe route of head lice transmission needs enlightenment for proper epidemiologic evaluations0 aroute of head lice transmission needs enlightenment for proper e aUNITED STATESc2000 a878 - 8790 v3910aanimals10aAustralia10achild10aChild, Preschool10ahumans10aLice Infestations/epidemiology/transmission10aPediculus10ascalp dermatoses1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00914-6.x01487nas a2200241 4500008004100000020001400041245010700055210006900162260002400231300001400255490000700269520071100276653001200987653001100999653001901010653001601029653005601045653000901101653001401110100002401124700002401148856007301172 2001 eng d a0022-258500aRecommendation to standardize pediculicidal and ovicidal testing for head lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aRecommendation to standardize pediculicidal and ovicidal testing aUnited Statesc2001 a127 - 1290 v383 aPediculosis capitis is a prevalent and highly communicable condition infesting millions of elementary school students annually. Topical insecticides are the present standard treatment for this condition. Because resistance of head lice to insecticides is a growing concern, assessment of efficacy of pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of the various agents is needed for public health interests. Given the number of anecdotal and market-driven reported studies, assessment of topical lice therapies requires standardized testing. Evaluations based on adaptations of World Health Organization guidelines are not ideal, whereas a protocol reflecting clinical exposure to insecticides is preferable.
10aanimals10ahumans10aInsect Control10ainsecticide10aLice Infestations/epidemiology/prevention & control10aOvum10aPediculus1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44934.pdf00674nas a2200253 4500008004100000245001400041210001400055260000900069300001600078490000800094653001200102653001100114653001600125653004800141653001400189653001400203653003700217653002100254653001100275100002600286700002400312700002400336856006000360 2002 eng d00aHead lice0 aHead lice c2002 a1381 - 13820 v34710aanimals10ahumans10ainsecticide10aLice Infestations/drug therapy/transmission10aMalathion10aPediculus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10ascalp dermatoses10aU.S.A.1 aMeinking, Terri, Lynn1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aBurkhart, Craig, N. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/head-lice-501147nas a2200193 4500008004100000020001400041245006500055210006400120260001800184300001300202490000800215520054700223653001200770653001100782653003500793653001400828100002400842856008700866 2003 eng d a0140-673600aFomite transmission with head lice: a continuing controversy0 aFomite transmission with head lice a continuing controversy aEnglandc2003 a99 - 1000 v3613 aThere is controversy about the mode of transmission of head lice, although there is agreement that physical contact of one head to another's scalp can pass the infestation. The disagreement concerns the role of fomite transmission, as there has been little experimental work on this question (a fomite is an object that can harbour a pathogenic organism). Nevertheless there is abundant evidence to suggest that fomite transmission must be significant. In this respect, the recent report by D Canyon and colleagues1 is important.
10aanimals10ahumans10aLice Infestations/transmission10aPediculus1 aBurkhart, Craig, N. uhttp://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)12243-X/fulltext01730nas a2200301 4500008004100000020001400041245009500055210006900150260002400219300001400243490000800257520079400265653001201059653003101071653001101102653001301113653001401126653005801140653001401198653003201212653001401244653001501258653002001273653001001293100002401303700002401327856007701351 2004 eng d a0003-987X00aHead lice revisited: in vitro standardized tests and differences in malathion formulations0 aHead lice revisited in vitro standardized tests and differences aUnited Statesc2004 a488 - 4890 v1403 aThe recent article "Permethrin-Resistant Human Head Lice, Pediculus capitis, and Their Treatment" by Yoon and colleagues1 contained valuable information and data, including assessment of knockdown resistance by DNA sequencing. Indeed, the study of insect control is entering a genomic era. For example, I have been investigating 2 features of the head louse that may act as targets for future treatments, namely, the bacterial symbionts within head lice (with 16S rRNA sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analysis) and the glue extruded from the louse (which after deposition upon the hair shafts, oxidizes within seconds and becomes the nit sheath).2 In terms of the sheath, it is composed of 4 major bands of protein with some cross-linking to aliphatic components.2
10aanimals10aDrug Resistance, Microbial10ahumans10aIn Vitro10aincidence10aLice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology10aMalathion10aMicrobial Sensitivity Tests10aPediculus10aRecurrence10aRisk Assessment10ascalp1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G. uhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/48039100858nas a2200277 4500008004100000020001400041245003900055210003900094260002400133300003200157490000700189653002500196653002800221653001600249653003300265653001100298653001600309653002700325653003900352653003500391653001500426653001200441100002400453700002400477856007900501 2004 eng d a1097-678700aOral ivermectin for Phthirus pubis0 aOral ivermectin for Phthirus pubis aUnited Statesc2004 a1037; author reply 1037 - 80 v5110aAdministration, Oral10aAdministration, Topical10aBody Weight10aDrug Administration Schedule10ahumans10ainsecticide10aInsecticide resistance10aIvermectin/administration & dosage10aLice Infestations/drug therapy10aPermethrin10aPthirus1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aBurkhart, Craig, N. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/oral-ivermectin-phthirus-pubis01316nas a2200253 4500008004100000245009800041210006900139260000900208300001400217490000700231520051300238653001300751653001200764653001300776653001500789653002400804653001400828653001200842653001200854100002400866700002400890700002100914856012700935 1998 eng d00aAn assessment of topical and oral prescription and over-the- counter treatments for head lice0 aassessment of topical and oral prescription and overthe counter c1998 a979 - 9820 v383 aA plethora of head lice cases that require optimal therapeutic assessments are developing in elementary schools. Over-the- counter therapies continue to be the mainstream solution for most cases of pediculosis capitis, but the onset of resistant cases dictates a review of available treatment modalities. The increased efficacy of prescription drugs, namely topical 5% permethrin and oral ivermectin, underline the expanding role that physicians will serve in the eradication of head lice in our communities.10aclinical10aControl10aefficacy10aIvermectin10aPediculosis capitis10aPediculus10aScabies10atherapy1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, K., M. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/assessment-topical-and-oral-prescription-and-over-counter-treatments-head-lice00522nas a2200181 4500008004100000245003200041210003200073260000900105300000800114490000700122653001300129653001200142653001400154100002400168700002400192700001700216856010700233 1998 eng d00aHead lice therapy revisited0 aHead lice therapy revisited c1998 a3950 v3710aclinical10aControl10aPediculus1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aArbogast, J. uhttps://search.proquest.com/openview/e5066f11b48d364ccb2d0e39002262a6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=4211400651nas a2200205 4500008004100000245006800041210006700109260000900176300001400185490000700199653001300206653001700219653001300236653001400249653001200263100002100275700002400296700002400320856010100344 1997 eng d00aUpdate on therapy: Ivermectin is available for use against lice0 aUpdate on therapy Ivermectin is available for use against lice c1997 a689 - 6890 v1410aclinical10aectoparasite10aefficacy10aPediculus10aScabies1 aBurkhart, K., M.1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/update-therapy-ivermectin-available-use-against-lice01310nas a2200241 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137260000900206300001400215490000700229520061700236653001200853653001300865653001200878653000900890653001200899653000900911653001300920653001400933100002400947700002400971856007300995 2000 eng d00aUse of topical nicotine for treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anaplura : Pediculidae)0 aUse of topical nicotine for treatment of Pediculus humanus capit c2000 a170 - 1710 v373 aHead lice are caused by the host-specific, ectoparasitic insect Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer and remain a common human infestation. As a response to increasing; resistance of head lice to present insecticidal agents, additional agents must be pursued. Inasmuch as nicotine has been used for controlling poultry lice, an in vitro study assessing its possible usage for human head lice was performed. Nicotine proved not to be an efficient insecticide, although it may facilitate removal of adult lice because it induces muscle twitches that may affect the insect's normal grip on hair follicles.
10acapitis10aclinical10aControl10ahead10ahumanus10alice10anicotine10aPediculus1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aBurkhart, Craig, N. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37882.pdf00513nas a2200169 4500008004100000245005000041210004900091260000900140300001400149490000700163653001300170653001200183653001800195100002400213700002400237856008200261 1999 eng d00aReturn of the silent merengue: the crab louse0 aReturn of the silent merengue the crab louse c1999 a182 - 1820 v1610aclinical10aPthirus10aPthirus pubis1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/return-silent-merengue-crab-louse