01457nas a2200157 4500008004100000245007600041210006900117260007200186520084900258653001501107653001301122653001701135100002101152700001701173856010901190 2001 eng d00aBiology and population dynamics of sheep lice: implications for control0 aBiology and population dynamics of sheep lice implications for c aLaunceston, TASbTasmanian Institute of Agricultural Researchc20013 a

Knowledge  of  the  biology  of  the  target  pest  is  essential  to  the  design  of  efficient  control  programs.However, information is lacking on many important aspects of the basic biology of sheep lice (Bovicolaovis) despite recommendations of the need for research in this area from past workshops. In this paperwe  summarise  some  of  the  more  recent  information  on  transmission  and  population  dynamics  of  sheeplice  and  discuss  implications  for  control.  We  also  describe  factors  which  may  regulate  these  processesand highlight some specific areas in which information is required.

10aregulation10asurvival10atransmission1 aJames, Peter, J.1 aCrawford, S. uhttp://www.licebosstools.org.au/FLICS/PDFs/Chapter_2/James_Crawford_Biology_population_of_sheep_lice.pdf02078nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001300041245016200054210006900216260001600285300001400301490000800315520138100323653001301704653002801717653001301745653001601758100002001774700002001794856005801814 2008 eng d a0022049300aTemperature and Humidity Effects on Off-Host Survival of the Northern Fowl Mite (Acari: Macronyssidae) and the Chicken Body Louse (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae)0 aTemperature and Humidity Effects on OffHost Survival of the Nort cJan-04-2008 a637 - 6460 v1013 a

Off-host survival of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae), and the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae), was studied at 12 combinations of temperature (15, 21, 27, and 33?C) and humidity (31, 65, and 85% RH). Mite protonymphs and louse third instars survived longer on average than the respective adult stages. Higher temperatures signiÞcantly reduced survival of adult and immature stages of both ectoparasites, whereas relative humidity had signiÞcant effects on O. sylviarum (especially protonymphs) but not M. stramineus. The LT50 values for adult northern fowl mites ranged from 1.9 (at 33?C, 31%RH) to 8.3 d (at 15?C, 85%RH), LT50 values for mite protonymphs ranged from 2.0 (at 33?C, 31%RH) to 18.1 d (at 15?C, 85%RH), LT50 values for adult lice ranged from 0.5 (at 33?C, 31%RH) to 1.7 d (at 15?C, 65%RH), and LT50 values for nymphal lice ranged from 1.2 (at 33?C, 65%RH) to 3.3 d (at 21?C, 31%RH). Maximum survival of the northern fowl mite was up to 35 d for adults and 29 d for protonymphs. Maximum survival for the chicken body louse was 3.3 d for adults and 5.8 d for nymphs. The data provide minimum guidelines for leaving poultry houses vacant long enough to allow ectoparasites to die before introduction of subsequent new ßocks.

10ahumidity10aOrnithonyssus sylviarum10asurvival10atemperature1 aChen, Brian, L.1 aMullens, B., A. uhttps://academic.oup.com/jee/article/101/2/637/90288201291nas a2200193 4500008004100000245008400041210006900125260000900194300001400203490000700217520071800224653000900942653000900951653001000960653001300970100002000983700002201003856007201025 1997 eng d00aDust-ruffling: a simple method for quantifying ectoparasite loads of live birds0 aDustruffling a simple method for quantifying ectoparasite loads  c1997 a509 - 5180 v683 a

We present a simple, accurate method for quantifying the ectoparasite loads of live birds in the field. Birds were dusted with pyrethrin to irritate their ectoparasites, which were then dislodged from the plumage by ruffling the feathers over a collecting surface for repeated timed bouts until the point of diminishing returns was reached. This method required less equipment and was more accurate and efficient than previously described methods, as we show by comparing our method to other popular approaches. Dust-ruffling is best suited for sampling ''permanent'' ectoparasites, such as chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera), which pass their entire life cycle on the body of the host.

10ahost10alice10amites10asurvival1 aWalther, B., A.1 aClayton, Dale, H. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3086.pdf02230nas a2200337 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142260000900211300001400220490000700234520134200241653001201583653000901595653001701604653000901621653000801630653001101638653001801649653000901667653000901676653001001685653001501695653001701710653000901727653001301736653001401749100002101763700001401784700002201798856007201820 1996 eng d00aEffect of vertically transmitted ectoparasites on the reproductive success of swifts (Apus apus)0 aEffect of vertically transmitted ectoparasites on the reproducti c1996 a733 - 7400 v103 a

1. Parasites that are transmitted vertically from parent hosts to offspring are expected to be relatively benign, because their fitness depends on successful host reproduction. The effects of two species of vertically transmitted ectoparasite on the reproductive success of swifts (Apus apus L.) were tested. Populations of the Chewing Louse, Dennyus hirundinis (L.) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae), and the Flightless Louse Fly, Crataerina pallida (Latreille) (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), were experimentally manipulated, effectively converting the natural aggregated frequency distribution of each species into a bimodal distribution of high and low loads. 2. Neither parasite had any effect on nestling growth or fledging success, even though parasite loads were boosted above natural levels and host environmental conditions were poor during part of the study, thus increasing the chances of detecting an effect of the parasites. 3. In contrast to parasite load, year, brood size and hatch date were all significantly related to components of nestling growth. Year and brood size were also significantly related to fledging success. 4. These results are consistent with theoretical models suggesting that vertically transmitted parasites evolve reduced virulence because they depend on host reproduction for dispersal to new hosts.

10abiology10abird10aChewing lice10acost10afly10agrowth10aHippoboscidae10ahost10alice10alouse10aparasitism10aPhthiraptera10asize10asurvival10avirulence1 aTompkins, D., M.1 aJones, T.1 aClayton, Dale, H. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3000.pdf