02437nas a2200349 4500008004100000020001400041245016100055210006900216260002400285300001100309490000800320520118600328653001201514653003701526653002101563653003501584653001101619653001701630653002001647653002601667653001901693653001401712653004501726653004101771653003701812653001101849100002601860700001801886700002001904700002201924856014101946 1975 eng d a0077-892300aModification of antityphus antibodies on passage through the gut of the human body louse with discussion of some epidemiologic and evolutionary implications0 aModification of antityphus antibodies on passage through the gut aUNITED STATESc1975 a6 - 240 v2663 aEvidence is presented to indicate that proteolytic and perhaps other enzymes of the louse midgut, essential to the nutrition of the louse, perform molecular dissection on the antirickettsial antibodies present in the blood of a typhus-immune host that selectively destroys, along with other functions, the portion of the antibody that determines the only known function by which antirickettsial antibodies may operate in host defense mechanisms, namely, opsonization of rickettsiae for enhanced ingestion by professional phagocytes and subsequent destruction. The epidemiologic significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the progressive destruction of cells that produce digestive enzymes of the louse midgut that occurs with progressive rickettsial infection, and the possibility of a negative feedback mechanism in transmission is introduced. Speculations that involve evolutionary concepts of both convergent and divergent varieties with respect to rickettsiae, potentially operational in a system that consists of an obligate blood-sucking arthropod vector and a vertebrate host capable of adaptive responses to both vector and rickettsial agent, are presented.10aanimals10aAntibodies, Bacterial/metabolism10aFeces/immunology10aFluorescent Antibody Technique10ahumans10aimmunization10aImmunodiffusion10aImmunoelectrophoresis10aimmunoglobulin10aPediculus10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aRickettsia prowazekii/immunology10atyphus1 aWisseman, Charles, L.1 aBoese, J., L.1 aWaddell, A., D.1 aSilverman, D., J. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/modification-antityphus-antibodies-passage-through-gut-human-body-louse-discussion-some-epid02974nas a2200349 4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260000900245300001400254490000700268520184100275653001202116653003502128653000802163653001702171653002302188653002202211653002302233653000802256653004102264653005102305653001402356653002302370653001102393100002102404700002702425700002602452700002602478700002102504700002602525856007302551 1981 eng d00aExperimental infection of ectoparasitic arthropods with Rickettsia prowazekii (GvF-16 strain) and transmission to flying squirrels0 aExperimental infection of ectoparasitic arthropods with Ricketts c1981 a253 - 2630 v303 aEpizootiologic studies conducted during the past few years showed the existence of widespread natural infection of the southern flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans, with epidemic typhus rickettsiae, Rickettsia prowazekii. The ecological findings strongly implicated transmission of the etiologic agent by an arthropod vector. Studies were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions to determine whether ectoparasites naturally associated with flying squirrels (squirrel fleas, lice, mites and ticks) were capable of acquiring, maintaining and transmitting the infection. Also studied were the cat flea, oriental rat flea and the human body louse. Flying squirrels inoculated with the GvF-16 strain of R. prowazekii circulated rickettsiae in their blood for 2-3 weeks, thus providing ample opportunity for arthropods feeding on them to become infected. The results with Dermacentor variabilis ticks indicated that the rickettsiae did not consistently survive in this insect and were not passed to the eggs of adult females that had been infected subcuticularly. Mites became infected by feeding on infectious blood but failed to sustain the infection. Also, mites fed on an infected flying squirrel did not transmit the infection to a normal squirrel. Squirrel, cat, and oriental rat fleas readily became infected by feeding on a rickettsemic host or on infectious blood through membranes, but failed to transmit the infection to susceptible flying squirrels. In the studies with flying squirrel lice, however, transmission of epidemic typhus from infected to uninfected flying squirrels was demonstrated. Infection of the human body louse with the GvF-16 flying squirrel strain of R. prowazekii was similar to that previously observed with classical human strains, viz., multiplication of the rickettsiae and excretion in the feces.10aanimals10aArthropod Vectors/microbiology10acat10aectoparasite10aFleas/microbiology10aLice/microbiology10aMites/microbiology10arat10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aRickettsia prowazekii/isolation & purification10aSciuridae10aTicks/microbiology10atyphus1 aBozeman, Marilyn1 aSonenshine, Daniel, E.1 aWilliams, Michael, S.1 aChadwick, Douglas, P.1 aLauer, David, M.1 aElisberg, Bennett, L. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45588.pdf02342nas a2200457 4500008004100000020001400041245007400055210006900129260000900198300001600207490000800223520101900231653001501250653001001265653000901275653001201284653003501296653001001331653002301341653002001364653001101384653000901395653001601404653004101420653003701461653003701498653001401535653001101549653001101560100001701571700002301588700002101611700001901632700002601651700002101677700001901698700001901717700001901736700002301755856010601778 1981 eng d a0098-748400aEpidemic typhus in the United States associated with flying squirrels0 aEpidemic typhus in the United States associated with flying squi c1981 a2318 - 23230 v2453 aBetween July 1977 and January 1980, seven cases of sporadic, nonepidemic "epidemic" typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) were discovered in Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina. The reservoir seemed to be the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans), an animal indigenous to the eastern United States; however, the vector or mode of acquisition was not evident. Diagnosis was established principally through complement fixation, indirect immunofluorescence, and toxin neutralization tests. Patients' ages were 11 to 81 years. Most were white women. Six had abrupt onset of illness. Headaches, fever, myalgias, and exanthems were among the presenting complaints. The disease seemed milder than classic louse-born epidemic typhus, but in some instances, it was life-threatening. All patients responded to tetracycline or chloramphenicol. This entity probably is more common than reported, is difficult to recognize, and is produced by an organism seemingly identical to that producing louse-born epidemic typhus.10aadolescent10aadult10aAged10aanimals10aAntibodies, Bacterial/analysis10achild10aDisease Reservoirs10aDisease Vectors10ahumans10alice10aMiddle Aged10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aRickettsia prowazekii/immunology10aRickettsia rickettsii/immunology10aSciuridae10atyphus10aU.S.A.1 aDuma, R., J.1 aSonenshine, D., E.1 aBozeman, Marilyn1 aVeazey, J., M.1 aElisberg, Bennett, L.1 aChadwick, D., P.1 aStocks, N., I.1 aMcGill, T., M.1 aMiller, G., B.1 aMacCormack, J., N. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/epidemic-typhus-united-states-associated-flying-squirrels00768nas a2200205 4500008004100000020001400041245010900055210006900164260000900233300001400242490000700256653001200263653001300275653000900288653003500297653004100332653002700373100002200400856014000422 1984 eng d a0022-258500aPossible function of cephalic outgrowths of sucking lice (Anoplura) parasitic on tree shrews (Tupaiidae)0 aPossible function of cephalic outgrowths of sucking lice Anoplur c1984 a470 - 4710 v2110aanimals10aAnoplura10ahead10aMicroscopy, Electron, Scanning10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aTupaiidae/parasitology1 aDurden, Lance, A. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/possible-function-cephalic-outgrowths-sucking-lice-anoplura-parasitic-tree-shrews-tupaiidae00901nas a2200289 4500008004100000020001400041245008100055210006900136260001600205300001400221490000700235653001200242653001000254653001000264653000900274653000900283653000800292653004500300653004100345653002600386653001000412100001800422700001800440700002300458700001900481856011100500 1986 eng d a0253-589000aEctoparasites of rodents in Suez governorate with special reference to fleas0 aEctoparasites of rodents in Suez governorate with special refere aEGYPTc1986 a457 - 4680 v1610aanimals10aEgypt10afleas10alice10amice10arat10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aRodentia/parasitology10aticks1 aMorsy, T., A.1 aFayad, M., E.1 aShady, M., K. Abou1 aYousef, N., S. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/ectoparasites-rodents-suez-governorate-special-reference-fleas01815nas a2200265 4500008004100000020001400041245009600055210006900151260002400220300001400244490000700258520098800265653001201253653001201265653002201277653001401299653002101313653001901334653001401353653003701367653004101404100002001445700001701465856006701482 1993 eng d a0022-258500aPatterns of erythrocyte digestion by bloodsucking insects: constraints on vector competence0 aPatterns of erythrocyte digestion by bloodsucking insects constr aUNITED STATESc1993 a214 - 2160 v303 a
Two general patterns of erythrocyte digestion were observed in representative species from four insect orders. Ingested erythrocytes were hemolyzed rapidly, and blood meals remained liquefied within body lice, Pediculus humanus L. and the fleas Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) and Xenopyslla cheopis (Rothschild). Peritrophic membrane was absent. In contrast, there was a lag time of 6-18 h before substantial degradation of erythrocytes within the blood meals of bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L.; the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli; and the mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex pipiens L. Blood meals of sand flies and mosquitoes were clotted and surrounded by peritrophic membrane at 18-24 h after feeding. Clotting and peritrophic membrane were less pronounced in bed bugs. It is proposed that acquisition and maintenance of pathogen types (i.e., prokaryotic versus eukaryotic) within insects are constrained by the general pattern of bloodmeal processing.
10aanimals10abedbugs10aComparative Study10aCulicidae10aFleas/physiology10aInsect vectors10aPediculus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.1 aVaughan, J., A.1 aAzad, A., F. uhttps://academic.oup.com/jme/article-abstract/30/1/214/222126001576nas a2200349 4500008004100000020001400041245003700055210003700092260001700129300001500146490000700161520062800168653001200796653003500808653002900843653001200872653001700884653002500901653001400926653001300940653002700953653002400980653002501004653001301029653004101042653002501083653001401108100001801122700002201140700002301162856004101185 1994 eng d a0253-193300aEctoparasites and classification0 aEctoparasites and classification aFRANCEc1994 a985 - 10170 v133 aThe authors present an introductory overview of the principal groups of ectoparasites (flukes, leeches, crustaceans, insects, arachnids, lampreys and vampire bats) associated with domestic animals. Currently-accepted higher-level classifications are outlined for these parasites. Almost all significant ectoparasites of domestic animals are invertebrates, the majority being arthropods (crustaceans, insects and arachnids). Some of these ectoparasites are of particular importance as vectors of pathogens. Many ectoparasite species are host-specific, and vector species typically transmit characteristic pathogens.
10aanimals10aAnimals, Domestic/parasitology10aCrustacea/classification10aDiptera10aectoparasite10aFleas/classification10aHemiptera10aLampreys10aLeeches/classification10aLice/classification10aMites/classification10aparasite10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aTicks/classification10aTrematoda1 aHopla, C., E.1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aKeirans, James, E. uhttp://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D8933.PDF02185nas a2200301 4500008004100000020001400041245012500055210006900180260001800249300001600267490000700283520110800290653001201398653006801410653001101478653003001489653002301519653003701542653004501579653004101624653001301665653001001678653001001688100001401698700001401712700001601726856014101742 1996 eng d a0041-010100aToxins produced by arthropod parasites: salivary gland proteins of human body lice and venom proteins of chelonine wasps0 aToxins produced by arthropod parasites salivary gland proteins o aENGLANDc1996 a1421 - 14290 v343 aA review is presented of our ongoing research projects on the protein components of the saliva of human body lice and of the non-paralyzing venom of wasps in the subfamily Cheloninae. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryamide gel electrophoretic analysis of lice salivary gland proteins showed a predominance of high and intermediate mol. wt proteins. Immunoblotting with a low titer polyclonal antiserum to lice salivary proteins indicated that some, but not all, of the predominant high mol. wt salivary gland proteins are injected into the host during feeding. The venom of a Chelonus sp. wasp contains a chitinase, and a 33,000 mol. wt protein with a primary structure composed mostly of a series of 12 tandem repeats of a 14-residue sequence. The N-terminus of this protein and its homologs in a related species of Ascogaster share a conserved adjacent pair of acidic residues. Epitope mapping/immunoprecipitation experiments now in progress will provide information on which linear motifs are on the surface of the protein, and will thereby provide information on the tertiary structure of the protein.10aanimals10aArthropod Venoms/biosynthesis/isolation & purification/toxicity10ahumans10aLice/chemistry/metabolism10aMoths/parasitology10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10asalivary10atoxin10awasps1 aJones, D.1 aWache, S.1 aChhokar, V. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/toxins-produced-arthropod-parasites-salivary-gland-proteins-human-body-lice-and-venom-protei01661nas a2200325 4500008004100000020001400041245008400055210006900139260000900208300001400217490000800231520065200239653001200891653001800903653000800921653001400929653002500943653001500968653001800983653002501001653001301026653001401039653003701053653004101090653002401131653002201155100002401177700001601201856011801217 1997 eng d a0036-807500aPhylogenetic methods come of age: testing hypotheses in an evolutionary context0 aPhylogenetic methods come of age testing hypotheses in an evolut c1997 a227 - 2320 v2763 aThe use of molecular phylogenies to examine evolutionary questions has become commonplace with the automation of DNA sequencing and the availability of efficient computer programs to perform phylogenetic analyses. The application of computer simulation and likelihood ratio tests to evolutionary hypotheses represents a recent methodological development in this field. Likelihood ratio tests have enabled biologists to address many questions in evolutionary biology that have been difficult to resolve in the past, such as whether host-parasite systems are cospeciating and whether models of DNA substitution adequately explain observed sequences.10aanimals10aBase Sequence10adna10aEvolution10aEvolution, Molecular10aHantavirus10aLice/genetics10aLikelihood Functions10aMutation10aPhylogeny10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aRNA, Viral/genetics10aRodentia/genetics1 aHuelsenbeck, J., P.1 aRannala, B. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/phylogenetic-methods-come-age-testing-hypotheses-evolutionary-context03227nas a2200421 4500008004100000020001400041245010100055210006900156260000900225300001600234490000800250520185700258653001702115653001202132653003202144653007302176653006402249653000802313653000802321653001702329653001002346653001302356653001102369653000902380653003702389653004102426653001702467100002002484700002002504700002002524700002102544700001702565700001902582700003102601700001902632700002002651856013402671 1997 eng d a0028-479300aMolecular epidemiology of bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis0 aMolecular epidemiology of bartonella infections in patients with c1997 a1876 - 18830 v3373 aBACKGROUND: Bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis are vascular proliferative manifestations of infection with species of the genus bartonella that occur predominantly in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Two species, B. henselae and B. quintana, have been associated with bacillary angiomatosis, but culture and speciation are difficult, and there has been little systematic evaluation of the species-specific disease characteristics. We studied 49 patients seen over eight years who were infected with bartonella species identified by molecular techniques and who had clinical lesions consistent with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis.METHODS: In this case-control study, a standardized questionnaire about exposures was administered to patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis and to 96 matched controls. The infecting bartonella species were determined by molecular techniques. RESULTS: Of the 49 patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis, 26 (53 percent) were infected with B. henselae and 23 (47 percent) with B. quintana. Subcutaneous and lytic bone lesions were strongly associated with B. quintana, whereas peliosis hepatis was associated exclusively with B. henselae. Patients with B. henselae infection were identified throughout the study period and were epidemiologically linked to cat and flea exposure (P< or =0.004), whereas those with B. quintana were clustered and were characterized by low income (P=0.003), homelessness (P = 0.004), and exposure to lice (P= 0.03). Prior treatment with macrolide antibiotics appeared to be protective against infection with either species. CONCLUSIONS: B. henselae and B. quintana, the organisms that cause bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis, are associated with different epidemiologic risk factors and with predilections for involvement of different organs. 10aangiomatosis10aanimals10aBacterial Typing Techniques10aBartonella henselae/classification/genetics/isolation & purification10aBartonella/classification/genetics/isolation & purification10acat10adna10aepidemiology10afleas10ahomeless10ahumans10alice10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10arisk factors1 aKoehler, J., E.1 aSanchez, M., A.1 aGarrido, C., S.1 aWhitfeld, M., J.1 aChen, F., M.1 aBerger, T., G.1 aRodriguez-Barradas, M., C.1 aLeBoit, P., E.1 aTappero, J., W. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/molecular-epidemiology-bartonella-infections-patients-bacillary-angiomatosis-peliosis01890nas a2200289 4500008004100000020001400041245005400055210005400109260002400163300001400187490000600201520092400207653001201131653003501143653001601178653002301194653001101217653001401228653004101242653006501283653003601348653007201384653001101456100001701467700001801484856009801502 1998 eng d a1080-604000aRickettsial pathogens and their arthropod vectors0 aRickettsial pathogens and their arthropod vectors aUNITED STATESc1998 a179 - 1860 v43 aRickettsial diseases, important causes of illness and death worldwide, exist primarily in endemic and enzootic foci that occasionally give rise to sporadic or seasonal outbreaks. Rickettsial pathogens are highly specialized for obligate intracellular survival in both the vertebrate host and the invertebrate vector. While studies often focus primarily on the vertebrate host, the arthropod vector is often more important in the natural maintenance of the pathogen. Consequently, coevolution of rickettsiae with arthropods is responsible for many features of the host-pathogen relationship that are unique among arthropod-borne diseases, including efficient pathogen replication, long-term maintenance of infection, and transstadial and transovarial transmission. This article examines the common features of the host-pathogen relationship and of the arthropod vectors of the typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae.10aanimals10aArthropod Vectors/microbiology10aDermacentor10aFleas/microbiology10ahumans10aPediculus10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aRickettsia Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/transmission10aRickettsia/growth & development10aRocky Mountain Spotted Fever/epidemiology/microbiology/transmission10atyphus1 aAzad, A., F.1 aBeard, C., B. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/rickettsial-pathogens-and-their-arthropod-vectors02168nas a2200313 4500008004100000020001400041245008100055210006900136260001800205300001300223490001400236520118000250653001201430653001301442653004601455653002001501653001801521653001101539653003201550653002001582653003701602653004101639653001301680653001001693653001101703653001601714100001401730856011001744 1998 eng d a0031-182000aThe neglected saliva: medically important toxins in the saliva of human lice0 aneglected saliva medically important toxins in the saliva of hum aENGLANDc1998 aS73 - 810 v116 Suppl3 aAlthough there has been a great deal of research effort within the last two decades on identifying the active components of the saliva of blood-sucking ticks, mosquitoes, biting flies, fleas and bugs, essentially neglected have been the human lice. Despite initial reports in the early part of this century suggestive of vasodilatory, anticoagulant and immunosuppressive properties of the saliva, for the next 50 years there were no biochemical studies on the active principles. Very recently, anatomical and biochemical studies have begun to characterize the bioactive molecules in lice saliva. The louse stocks a salivary vasodilator in excess over what is needed for a single bite, and injects similar amounts at each successive bite. The vasodilator in lice saliva appears to have different pharmacological properties than peroxidative, oxidative and maxidilan types of vasodilators reported from other blood-sucking insects. Possible anticoagulant activities have also been characterized. This belated, but welcome, interest comes at a time of resurgence of lice-born disease in certain parts of Africa, and of resistance to chemical control in Europe and North America.10aanimals10aAnoplura10aAnticoagulants/metabolism/therapeutic use10aDisease Vectors10ahost parasite10ahumans10aLice/chemistry/microbiology10aRelapsing Fever10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10asalivary10atoxin10atyphus10avasodilator1 aJones, D. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/neglected-saliva-medically-important-toxins-saliva-human-lice02011nas a2200289 4500008004100000020001400041245005800055210005600113260000900169300001400178490000700192520114700199653001201346653001801358653000801376653001801384653002001402653002001422653002301442653004501465653004101510653002601551100002401577700001601601700001501617856008901632 2000 eng d a0014-382000aA Bayesian framework for the analysis of cospeciation0 aBayesian framework for the analysis of cospeciation c2000 a352 - 3640 v543 aInformation on the history of cospeciation and host switching for a group of host and parasite species is contained in the DNA sequences sampled from each. Here, we develop a Bayesian framework for the analysis of cospeciation. We suggest a simple model of host switching by a parasite on a host phylogeny in which host switching events are assumed to occur at a constant rate over the entire evolutionary history of associated hosts and parasites. The posterior probability density of the parameters of the model of host switching are evaluated numerically using Markov chain Monte Carlo. In particular, the method generates the probability density of the number of host switches and of the host switching rate. Moreover, the method provides information on the probability that an event of host switching is associated with a particular pair of branches. A Bayesian approach has several advantages over other methods for the analysis of cospeciation. In particular, it does not assume that the host or parasite phylogenies are known without error; many alternative phylogenies are sampled in proportion to their probability of being correct.10aanimals10aBayes Theorem10adna10ahost parasite10aLice/physiology10aModels, Genetic10aMonte Carlo Method10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aRodentia/parasitology1 aHuelsenbeck, J., P.1 aRannala, B.1 aLarget, B. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/bayesian-framework-analysis-cospeciation01819nas a2200325 4500008004100000020001400041245008100055210006900136260000900205300001200214490000700226520090100233653001201134653001201146653001001158653001401168653001201182653000901194653001101203653001001214653001301224653004101237653002601278653001201304653001001316100001101326700002201337700002201359856011201381 2000 eng d a1081-171000aWinter ectoparasites of mammals in the northeastern piedmont area of Georgia0 aWinter ectoparasites of mammals in the northeastern piedmont are c2000 a23 - 270 v253 aTwenty-three species of ectoparasites were recovered from 10 species of mammals (89 individuals) in Mistletoe State Park, Columbia County, Georgia, during three winter months of 1998. The collection consisted of 9 species of fleas, 6 mites, 4 sucking lice, 3 ticks, and 1 mammal-associated beetle. Some rarely-collected arthropods were recorded including the ctenophthalmid fleas, Doratopsylla blarinae C. Fox and Epitedia cavernicola Traub, the laelapid mite, Echinonyssus blarinae (Herrin) (first records from Georgia for these three ectoparasites), and the leptinid beetle, Leptinus orientamericanus Peck (second record for Georgia). Varying degrees of host-specificity were exhibited by the 23 species of ectoparasites. Because relatively few mammal ectoparasite surveys are completed during the winter months, some seemingly rare species may, in reality, be more common at this time of year.10aanimals10aBeetles10afleas10ageography10aGeorgia10alice10amammal10amites10aparasite10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aRodentia/parasitology10aSeasons10aticks1 aHu, R.1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aOliver, James, H. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/winter-ectoparasites-mammals-northeastern-piedmont-area-georgia02609nas a2200301 4500008004100000245003400041210003200075260000900107300001600116490000800132520176800140653001201908653001001920653002501930653001101955653004301966653002202009653001402031653004102045653002102086653002202107100002102129700001702150700002202167700002202189700002002211856007602231 2001 eng d00aLice, nits, and school policy0 aLice nits and school policy c2001 a1011 - 10150 v1073 aBACKGROUND: The epidemiology of head lice infestation is poorly understood. Many schools treat all children with nits as though they are contagious. Children with nits but no lice are often removed from school until they are treated and all visible nits are removed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the probability that children with nits alone will become infested with lice. DESIGNS: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Two metropolitan Atlanta elementary schools. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1729 children were screened for head lice. Twenty-eight children (1.6%) had lice, whereas 63 (3.6%) had nits without lice. Fifty of the 63 children (79%) with nits alone completed follow-up. OUTCOME MEASURE: Conversion (ie, becoming infested with lice) within 14 days after initial screening. RESULTS: Nine of 50 children (18.0%) followed for nits alone converted. Although children who converted did not have significantly more nits than did nonconverters, having nits near the scalp was a risk factor for conversion. Seven of 22 children (31.8%) with >/=5 nits within one fourth inch of the scalp converted, compared with 2 of 28 children (7.1%) with fewer (relative risk: 4.45; 95% confidence interval: 1.03-19.35). This risk remained statistically significant after separately stratifying for sex, recent treatment, and total number of nits. CONCLUSIONS: Although having >/=5 nits within one fourth inch of the scalp was a risk factor for conversion, most children with nits alone did not become infested. Policies requiring exclusion from school and treatment for all children with nits alone are likely excessive. Instead, these children may benefit from repeated examination to exclude the presence of crawling lice.lice, pediculus, lice infestations, pediatrics, school.10aanimals10achild10aCommunicable Disease10ahumans10aLice Infestations/prevention & control10aLife Cycle Stages10aPediculus10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10ascalp dermatoses10aSchools/standards1 aWilliams, L., K.1 aReichert, A.1 aMacKenzie, W., R.1 aHightower, A., W.1 aBlake, Paul, A. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/lice-nits-and-school-policy01374nas a2200253 4500008004100000245011600041210006900157260000900226300001600235490000700251520058000258653001200838653001300850653000900863653001500872653002500887653001000912653004100922653001300963653002100976100002200997700002101019856008001040 2001 eng d00aHoplopleura janzeni n. sp. (Phthiraptera: Anoplura), a new sucking louse from a Central American swimming mouse0 aHoplopleura janzeni n sp Phthiraptera Anoplura a new sucking lou c2001 a1409 - 14130 v873 aBoth sexes of a new species of sucking louse Hoplopleura janzeni (Phthiraptera: Hoplopleuridae) are described and illustrated from the Central American ichthyomyine swimming mouse Rheomys raptor (Rodentia: Muridae) collected in Costa Rica. The morphology of the new species is compared with that of Hoplopleura exima Johnson, the only other species of sucking louse known to parasitize an ichthyomyine rodent. Hoplopleura janzeni is unique in having posteriorly directed spurs on the first antennal segment, the fore- and midcoxae, and the hind femora of both sexes.
10aanimals10aAnoplura10aatax10aCosta Rica10aMuridae/parasitology10an.sp.10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aSwimming10aTropical Climate1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aTimm, Robert, M. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44889.pdf02221nas a2200301 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114260000900183300001400192490000800206520129800214653001201512653002301524653001801547653002301565653000801588653001101596653002201607653001501629653004101644653004601685653001101731653001801742100001401760700001401774700001801788856011301806 2003 eng d00aDevelopment of Rickettsia prowazekii DNA vaccine: cloning strategies0 aDevelopment of Rickettsia prowazekii DNA vaccine cloning strateg c2003 a757 - 7640 v9903 aRickettsia prowazekii, the etiologic agent of louse-borne typhus, is listed as a category B agent under the select agent list of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. R. prowazekii was placed on the select agent list due to its potential to cause epidemic, high mortality in untreated and/or misdiagnosed cases, and ease of spread in vulnerable populations. Historically, R. prowazekii vaccines using crude antigen and/or inactivated rickettsia were partially protective but have been accompanied with undesirable toxic reactions and difficulties in standardization. The availability of the genome sequence of R. prowazekii allowed us to select genes that encode proteins with potential in immuno-protection against this human pathogen. We successfully PCR-amplified a group of genes involved in invasion (invA), cell division (fts), protein secretion (sec gene family), and virulence (ompA and ompB, virB gene family, cap and tlyA and tlyC). The generated PCR products were cloned into the Gateway cloning system and the cloned products will be introduced into Vical VR 1020-DV and VR 1012-DV DNA vaccine plasmids. Twenty-four target genes from R. prowazekii have been PCR amplified, of which fifteen have been introduced into the pENTR/SD/D-TOPO entry cloning vector.10aanimals10aBacterial Vaccines10aBase Sequence10aCloning, Molecular10adna10ahumans10aLice/microbiology10apolymerase10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aRickettsia prowazekii/genetics/immunology10atyphus10aVaccines, DNA1 aCoker, C.1 aMajid, M.1 aRadulovic, S. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/development-rickettsia-prowazekii-dna-vaccine-cloning-strategies03077nas a2200385 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122260000900191300001500200490000800215520189800223653001202121653001002133653002202143653001302165653001102178653001302189653001602202653002702218653004402245653001402289653001402303653001502317653003702332653004102369653002102410653001702431100002102448700001902469700002002488700002002508700001602528700001802544856012902562 2003 eng d00aPermethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus capitis, and their treatment0 aPermethrinresistant human head lice Pediculus capitis and their c2003 a994 - 10000 v1393 aOBJECTIVE: To compare the pediculicidal activity of Ovide lotion and its active ingredient, 0.5% malathion, with Nix and its active ingredient, 1% permethrin, in permethrin-resistant head lice. DESIGN: In vitro pediculicidal product and active ingredient comparison. The presence of knockdown resistance-type mutations (T929I and L932F) was validated by DNA sequencing. SETTING: University of Massachusetts-Amherst; University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Fla; Plantation and Homestead, Fla; and Mathis, Tex.Other PARTICIPANTS: Lice were collected in 3 geographical regions within the United States and in Yamburara, Ecuador, from healthy but infested individuals.Intervention Within 3 to 6 hours of collection, lice were given a blood meal, exposed to products or active ingredients, and observed at regular intervals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percent mortality of lice at regular intervals after exposure to products or active ingredients and presence of T929I and L932F mutations. RESULTS: South Florida lice exhibited a significantly slower mortality response to permethrin compared with susceptible Ecuadorian lice. Ovide and malathion killed permethrin-resistant lice faster than Nix or permethrin. The presence of T929I and L932F in permethrin-resistant south Florida lice was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The population of Texas lice from Mathis was slightly resistant to permethrin and included 13% with resistant genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the T929I and L932F mutations was confirmed by DNA sequencing in lice collected from children in south Florida that were resistant to the pediculicidal effects of permethrin and the leading permethrin-based head lice product, Nix. Malathion resistance was not observed in this study. The data also show that Ovide killed these same permethrin-resistant head lice approximately 10 times faster than permethrin or Nix.
10aanimals10achild10aComparative Study10aGenotype10ahumans10aIn Vitro10ainsecticide10aInsecticide resistance10aLice Infestations/drug therapy/genetics10aMalathion10aPediculus10aPermethrin10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10ascalp dermatoses10aTime Factors1 aYoon, Kyong, Sup1 aGao, Jian-Rong1 aLee, Si, Hyeock1 aClark, Marshall1 aBrown, Leon1 aTaplin, David uhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/10609106_Permethrin-Resistant_Human_Head_Lice_Pediculus_capitis_and_Their_Treatment02982nas a2200373 4500008004100000020001400041245010300055210006900158260001800227300001400245490000600259520183600265653001202101653001302113653002102126653002202147653001902169653003302188653001002221653001602231653003702247653004102284653002002325653002402345653004202369100001802411700002502429700001702454700001302471700001902484700001402503700001802517856007302535 2003 eng d a1601-184800aImpaired discrimination of and aversion to parasitized male odors by female oxytocin knockout mice0 aImpaired discrimination of and aversion to parasitized male odor aEnglandc2003 a220 - 2300 v23 aA major cost of social behavior is the increased risk of exposure to parasites, with animals utilizing social information to recognize and avoid infected conspecifics. In mice, females can discriminate between infected and uninfected males on the basis of social cues, displaying aversive responses to the odors of infected males. In the present study, using female mice whose gene for oxytocin (OT) has been selectively deleted (OT knockout mice (OTKO)), we show that at least one normal allele for OT is required for the mediation of the recognition and avoidance of parasitized males. Female wild type (OTWT) and heterozygous (OTHZ) mice distinguished between the odors of individual males infected with the louse, Polyplax serrata, and uninfected males while the KO mice did not. Exposure to the odors of infected males induced analgesia in OTWT and OTHZ females, with OTKO females displaying attenuated analgesia. OTWT and OTHZ females, but not the OTKO females, also distinguished between the odors of novel and familiar infected males and modulated their analgesic responses on the basis of prior familiarity. In an odor choice test, OTWT and OTHZ females displayed a marked initial choice for the odors of uninfected males, whereas the OTKO females showed no consistent choice. This impairment was specific to the odors of infected males. OTKO females displayed normal analgesic responses to another aversive social odor, that of a stressed male, and an aversive non-social odor, that of a cat. The OTKOs had normal non-social olfactory memory, but were impaired in their social odor memory. These findings indicate that a normal OT gene comprises an essential part of the central recognition mechanism whereby females can both reduce the transmission of parasites to themselves and select for parasite-free males.
10aanimals10aAnoplura10aBehavior, Animal10aComparative Study10aMice, Knockout10aMice/parasitology/physiology10aOdors10aOrchiectomy10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10asocial behavior10aSpecies Specificity10aStress, Psychological/physiopathology1 aKavaliers, M.1 aColwell, Douglas, D.1 aCholeris, E.1 aAgmo, A.1 aMuglia, L., J.1 aOgawa, S.1 aPfaff, D., W. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1601-183X.2003.00021.x02490nas a2200289 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260000900196300001400205490000700219520158900226653001201815653003901827653002101866653001401887653001101901653005101912653002301963653001401986653004102000100002102041700002102062700002002083700002002103700002002123856005702143 2003 eng d00aIn vivo and in vitro rearing of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aIn vivo and in vitro rearing of Pediculus humanus capitis Anoplu c2003 a628 - 6350 v403 aFour geographically distinct colonies of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae) were reared on a live host and exhibited significantly different life history patterns. Florida head lice exhibited approximately 10% slower development and approximately 15% reduced longevity relative to California or Ecuador head lice. Fecundity (4.9 +/- 0.2 eggs/female/d) and fertility (76.4 +/- 2.9% mean hatching rate) declined over the lifetime of female lice, especially when separated from males (i.e., unmated recently). All four colonies (above plus one from Panama) were similar in their ability to tolerate starvation, although older stages tended to die sooner. An in vitro feeding apparatus was developed to rear head lice. Teneral first instar lice were placed on human hair tufts on the upper side of membrane-covered feeders, which were immersed bottom-side down within a vessel containing warmed human blood. Relative to lice reared on a human host, in vitro-reared lice required a significantly longer time (10-20%) to molt and survived a significantly shorter time as adults (30-50%); the addition of antibiotics did not adversely affect louse development. Teneral first instars were more likely than any other stage to feed through the membrane. Lice spent a significantly greater proportion of time searching in the in vitro apparatus than on a host, but the proportion of time spent feeding did not differ. This research is the first to demonstrate that head lice can be reared successfully in vitro through a complete life cycle.
10aanimals10aAnti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology10aFeeding Behavior10ageography10ahumans10aLice Infestations/parasitology/physiopathology10aMolting/physiology10aPediculus10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.1 aTakano-Lee, Miwa1 aYoon, Kyong, Sup1 aEdman, John, D.1 aMullens, B., A.1 aClark, Marshall uhttps://academic.oup.com/jme/article/40/5/628/86303102307nas a2200325 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168260000900237300001400246490000700260520132400267653001201591653002401603653001501627653002101642653001401663653001101677653001001688653003501698653002201733653001401755653001401769653004101783100002101824700001901845700002001864700002001884700002001904856005701924 2003 eng d00aAn automated feeding apparatus for in vitro maintenance of the human head louse, Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aautomated feeding apparatus for in vitro maintenance of the huma c2003 a795 - 7990 v403 aAn automated feeding apparatus was developed to maintain the human head louse (Pediculus capitis DeGeer) in vitro. With the use of valves and timers, banked human blood and saline from refrigerated reservoirs were pumped into and flushed out of the system every 7 d. During this rotational interval, bloodmeals were provided to head lice continuously and ad libitum through a stretched Nescofilm-silicone sandwich membrane. Compared with our previous in vitro human head louse-rearing apparatus, greater numbers of lice could be fed simultaneously with minimal human monitoring. Development of second to third instars and third instars to adults was significantly faster when lice were reared in vivo than on either of the in vitro rearing systems; there was no significant difference in the duration of the first instar. Although fecundity and hatch rates were significantly higher for female lice reared in vivo, similar trends have been observed for other membrane-fed arthropods. Body lice (Pediculus humanus L.) and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius [L.]) also completed most of their life cycle on this apparatus. Our automated mass-rearing system has broad applications for maintaining fluid-sucking ectoparasites and will facilitate various toxicological, behavioral, and disease-transmission investigations.
10aanimals10aAnimals, Laboratory10aAutomation10aFeeding Behavior10afertility10ahumans10alarva10aLice Infestations/parasitology10aLife Cycle Stages10aLongevity10aPediculus10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.1 aTakano-Lee, Miwa1 aVelten, R., K.1 aEdman, John, D.1 aMullens, B., A.1 aClark, Marshall uhttps://academic.oup.com/jme/article/40/6/795/83455702563nas a2200325 4500008004100000020001400041245015100055210006900206260000900275300001400284490000700298520157000305653001601875653001201891653001101903653000801914653001101922653000901933653000901942653001401951653003001965653001901995653004102014653001402055100002102069700002002090700002002110700002002130856008702150 2004 eng d a0882-596300aHome remedies to control head lice: assessment of home remedies to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)0 aHome remedies to control head lice assessment of home remedies t c2004 a393 - 3980 v193 aAs the frequency and level of pediculicide resistance increases throughout the world, the need for novel solutions to control pediculosis has intensified. The development and registration of new pesticides has become so costly that many chemical companies are unwilling to pursue it and health-care providers now face a serious lack of new commercial pediculicides. Many infested people resort to using "home-remedy" approaches that have not been scientifically tested. In this article, we examined the potential value of six purportedly effective "home remedies" (vinegar, isopropyl alcohol, olive oil, mayonnaise, melted butter, and petroleum jelly) to treat head louse infestations and the likelihood of drowning lice by water submersion. Results indicated that only the application of petroleum jelly caused significant louse mortality but no treatment prevented lice from laying eggs. Most home remedy products did little to kill eggs, despite prolonged exposure. Petroleum jelly caused the greatest egg mortality, allowing only 6% to hatch. It was extremely difficult to drown lice, despite extended periods (i.e., 8 hr) of water submersion, suggesting that killing lice by depriving them of oxygen is inefficient. None of the home remedy products we surveyed was an effective means of louse control. This suggests that when treatment failure occurs, an increased amount of time and effort should be focused on alternative chemical pediculicides and/or manual louse removal (i.e., combing) rather than using any of these products.
10aAcetic Acid10aanimals10aButter10aegg10ahumans10alice10aOvum10aPediculus10aPediculus humanus capitis10aPlant Extracts10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aSelf Care1 aTakano-Lee, Miwa1 aEdman, John, D.1 aMullens, B., A.1 aClark, Marshall uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882596304001393?via%3Dihub