01003nas a2200421 4500008004100000020001400041245002500055210002500080260001800105300001400123490000700137653001100144653002400155653001200179653001300191653001100204653002200215653002000237653001100257653001000268653003500278653001000313653001600323653001100339653000900350653000900359653002200368653001200390653001100402653000800413653003700421653001000458653001700468653001100485653001100496100000500507856006900512 1968 eng d a0041-324000aRickettsial diseases0 aRickettsial diseases aENGLANDc1968 a961 - 9680 v6510aAfrica10aAgglutination Tests10aanimals10aantigens10acattle10aDisease Outbreaks10aDisease Vectors10aEurope10afleas10aFluorescent Antibody Technique10agoats10aguinea pigs10ahumans10alice10amice10aMite Infestations10aQ fever10aRabbit10arat10aRickettsia Infections/immunology10asheep10atrench fever10atyphus10aU.S.A.1 a uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/rickettsial-diseases00859nas a2200301 4500008004100000020001400041245006700055210006600122260002400188300001200212490000700224653001000231653001200241653000800253653001000261653001400271653001700285653001000302653001100312653002500323653000900348653003500357653002200392653001000414653001100424100001900435856010300454 1968 eng d a0016-360000aCommon insect, mite and parasite problems in the United States0 aCommon insect mite and parasite problems in the United States aUNITED STATESc1968 a84 - 980 v3710aadult10aanimals10acat10achild10aCulicidae10aDog Diseases10afleas10ahumans10aInsect Bites, stings10alice10aMite Infestations/epidemiology10aParasitic disease10aticks10aU.S.A.1 aHigdon, R., S. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/common-insect-mite-and-parasite-problems-united-states00778nas a2200301 4500008004100000020001400041245002300055210002300078260002400101300001400125490000800139653001000147653004200157653001300199653001100212653001100223653001900234653000900253653001500262653002000277653003300297653001000330653001100340100002000351700001800371700002300389856006400412 1969 eng d a0098-748400aBorrelia in Boston0 aBorrelia in Boston aUNITED STATESc1969 a722 - 7230 v21010aadult10aAnti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use10aBorrelia10aBoston10ahumans10aInsect vectors10alice10aPenicillin10aRelapsing Fever10aTetracycline/therapeutic use10aticks10aU.S.A.1 aGoodman, R., L.1 aArndt, K., A.1 aSteigbigel, N., H. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/borrelia-boston02342nas a2200457 4500008004100000020001400041245007400055210006900129260000900198300001600207490000800223520101900231653001501250653001001265653000901275653001201284653003501296653001001331653002301341653002001364653001101384653000901395653001601404653004101420653003701461653003701498653001401535653001101549653001101560100001701571700002301588700002101611700001901632700002601651700002101677700001901698700001901717700001901736700002301755856010601778 1981 eng d a0098-748400aEpidemic typhus in the United States associated with flying squirrels0 aEpidemic typhus in the United States associated with flying squi c1981 a2318 - 23230 v2453 aBetween July 1977 and January 1980, seven cases of sporadic, nonepidemic "epidemic" typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) were discovered in Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina. The reservoir seemed to be the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans), an animal indigenous to the eastern United States; however, the vector or mode of acquisition was not evident. Diagnosis was established principally through complement fixation, indirect immunofluorescence, and toxin neutralization tests. Patients' ages were 11 to 81 years. Most were white women. Six had abrupt onset of illness. Headaches, fever, myalgias, and exanthems were among the presenting complaints. The disease seemed milder than classic louse-born epidemic typhus, but in some instances, it was life-threatening. All patients responded to tetracycline or chloramphenicol. This entity probably is more common than reported, is difficult to recognize, and is produced by an organism seemingly identical to that producing louse-born epidemic typhus.10aadolescent10aadult10aAged10aanimals10aAntibodies, Bacterial/analysis10achild10aDisease Reservoirs10aDisease Vectors10ahumans10alice10aMiddle Aged10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.10aRickettsia prowazekii/immunology10aRickettsia rickettsii/immunology10aSciuridae10atyphus10aU.S.A.1 aDuma, R., J.1 aSonenshine, D., E.1 aBozeman, Marilyn1 aVeazey, J., M.1 aElisberg, Bennett, L.1 aChadwick, D., P.1 aStocks, N., I.1 aMcGill, T., M.1 aMiller, G., B.1 aMacCormack, J., N. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/epidemic-typhus-united-states-associated-flying-squirrels00790nas a2200277 4500008004100000020001400041245005000055210004600105260000900151300001400160490000700174653000800181653002000189653001200209653001100221653000900232653003500241653003600276653001400312653001600326653001100342100002000353700003000373700002200403856008700425 1983 eng d a0011-905900aThe story of lindane resistance and head lice0 astory of lindane resistance and head lice c1983 a551 - 5550 v2210aDDT10aDrug Resistance10aEngland10ahumans10alice10aLice Infestations/drug therapy10aLindane/administration & dosage10aMalathion10aNetherlands10aU.S.A.1 aKucirka, S., A.1 aParish, Lawrence, Charles1 aWitkowski, J., A. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/story-lindane-resistance-and-head-lice00729nas a2200241 4500008004100000020001400041245007800055210006900133260000900202300001400211490000700225653001000232653001200242653001800254653001000272653001700282653001500299653004500314653002400359653001100383100002000394856007300414 1985 eng d a0090-355800aParasitic arthropods of wood ducks, Aix sponsa L., in the Atlantic Flyway0 aParasitic arthropods of wood ducks Aix sponsa L in the Atlantic c1985 a316 - 3180 v2110aAcari10aanimals10abird diseases10aducks10aectoparasite10aMallophaga10aResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.10aSpecies Specificity10aU.S.A.1 aThul, James, E. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45465.pdf01107nas a2200337 4500008004100000020001400041245002800055210002800083260002400111300001400135490000600149520030200155653001000457653001200467653000900479653002100488653001000509653001100519653001100530653002500541653000900566653002800575653001000603653001200613653001200625653001000637653001800647653001100665100002100676856007200697 1985 eng d a0733-862700aInsect bites and stings0 aInsect bites and stings aUNITED STATESc1985 a785 - 8080 v33 aThis article summarizes the clinical presentation and treatment of common bites and infestations in the United States. A survey of this complex and interesting area of medicine should help the emergency physician to diagnose and treat many patients who present with "nonspecific" bites and rashes.10aadult10aanimals10aBees10aChild, Preschool10afleas10ahumans10aInfant10aInsect Bites, stings10alice10aLindane/therapeutic use10amites10aScabies10aspiders10aticks10aTrombiculidae10aU.S.A.1 aStawiski, M., A. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/insect-bites-and-stings00771nas a2200217 4500008004100000020001400041245009600055210006900151260000900220300001400229490000700243653001200250653001900262653002200281653004400303653001300347653004200360653001100402100001900413856012100432 1989 eng d a0043-516300aA numerical analysis of the American species of the genus Ricinus (Phthiraptera: Amblycera)0 anumerical analysis of the American species of the genus Ricinus c1989 a127 - 1500 v3510aanimals10aBird parasites10aComparative Study10aLice/anatomy & histology/classification10anew york10aNumerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted10aU.S.A.1 aLonc, Elzbieta uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/numerical-analysis-american-species-genus-ricinus-phthiraptera-amblycera01410nas a2200229 4500008004100000020001400041245013900055210006900194260002400263300001800287490000700305520070300312653001201015653001601027653001101043653001101054653001901065653000901084653001101093100000501104856007101109 1998 eng d a0097-632600aGeneral hospital and personal use devices; classification of the Apgar timer, lice removal kit, and infusion stand--FDA. Proposed rule0 aGeneral hospital and personal use devices classification of the aUNITED STATESc1998 a11632 - 116330 v633 a
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is proposing to classify the Apgar timer, lice removal kit, and infusion stand into class I. FDA is also publishing the recommendations of the General Hospital and Personal Use Devices Panel (the panel) regarding the classification of the devices. After considering public comments on the proposed classification, FDA will publish a final regulation classifying the devices. This action is being taken under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act), as amended by the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (the amendments), the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 (the SMDA), and the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA).
10aanimals10aApgar Score10ahumans10aInfant10aInsect Control10alice10aU.S.A.1 a uhttps://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1998-11-05/pdf/98-29568.pdf00676nas a2200217 4500008004100000020001400041245008300055210006900138260002400207300001400231490000700245653001200252653001000264653001800274653000900292653001100301653000900312653001100321100001600332856011000348 1998 eng d a0882-596300aDetection and removal of head lice with an electronic comb: zapping the louse!0 aDetection and removal of head lice with an electronic comb zappi aUNITED STATESc1998 a265 - 2660 v1310aanimals10achild10aChild Welfare10ahair10ahumans10alice10aU.S.A.1 aO'Brien, E. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/detection-and-removal-head-lice-electronic-comb-zapping-louse01900nas a2200361 4500008004100000245006500041210006400106260000900170300001400179490000700193520084400200653001001044653002501054653001201079653003301091653001001124653002101134653001101155653005101166653001601217653002601233653001401259653003701273653002101310653001901331653001801350653001101368100001801379700002401397700002401421700001401445856007901459 1999 eng d00aSchool nurses' perceptions of and experiences with head lice0 aSchool nurses perceptions of and experiences with head lice c1999 a153 - 1580 v693 aResearchers examined school nurses' perceptions of head lice, perceived self-efficacy in dealing with head lice, and personal experience in reducing head lice problems. Survey data from a two-wave mailing from 382 school nurses found most nurses supported a "no-nit" rule of forced absenteeism of any child with nits in their hair (60%). They perceived OTC treatments for head lice as very effective in killing adult lice (66%), and 9% perceived them as not effective. Nurses had a high efficacy expectation regarding their ability to control head lice (63%), and they had high outcome expectations regarding the results of their work with students and families of students (66%). Most nurses received their information about head lice from professional journals (76%) and professional conferences/conventions (62%).
10aadult10aAnalysis of Variance10aanimals10aAttitude of Health Personnel10achild10aChild, Preschool10ahumans10aLice Infestations/nursing/prevention & control10aMiddle Aged10aOrganizational Policy10aPediculus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10ascalp dermatoses10aSchool Nursing10aSelf Efficacy10aU.S.A.1 aPrice, J., H.1 aBurkhart, Craig, N.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aIslam, R. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb04174.x01682nas a2200301 4500008004100000020001400041245003900055210003900094260002400133300001200157490000700169520085700176653001501033653001201048653001001060653002101070653001101091653006401102653001401166653001501180653001701195653002101212653001901233653001101252100002001263700001901283856007801302 2000 eng d a1059-840500aPediculosis in a school population0 aPediculosis in a school population aUnited Statesc2000 a32 - 380 v163 aThis nonexperimental, retrospective study of elementary, middle school, and high school children (a) determined the prevalence of pediculosis, (b) identified populations susceptible to head lice infestation, and (c) examined the role of the school nurse in pediculosis management. The findings showed the highest prevalence of pediculosis was among younger school-age children, and girls were 3 times more likely to be infested than boys. Hispanic children had the highest rate of infestation, followed by Caucasian children. African American children showed a 15% infestation rate, a finding not supported by other studies. The role of the school nurse in pediculosis management was restricted by time and budgetary constraints. Findings of this study support the need for a standardized data collection system for pediculosis in all school districts.10aadolescent10aanimals10achild10aChild, Preschool10ahumans10aLice Infestations/epidemiology/nursing/prevention & control10aPediculus10aPrevalence10arisk factors10ascalp dermatoses10aSchool Nursing10aU.S.A.1 aEstrada, J., S.1 aMorris, R., I. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/pediculosis-school-population00600nas a2200241 4500008004100000020001400041245002100055210001700076260002400093300000800117490000800125653001200133653001000145653001100155653001200166653004300178653001400221653002100235653001200256653001100268100001800279856006100297 2000 eng d a0040-781X00aThe nit detector0 anit detector aUNITED STATESc2000 a1040 v15610aanimals10achild10ahumans10ahygiene10aLice Infestations/therapy/transmission10aPediculus10ascalp dermatoses10aschools10aU.S.A.1 aDickinson, A. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/nit-detector00781nas a2200253 4500008004100000020001400041245006300055210006300118260002400181300001100205490000700216653001200223653001000235653002000245653001100265653004500276653002800321653001400349653001400363653001500377653001100392100001700403856010700420 2000 eng d a1050-563600aLice treatment guidelines emphasize careful medication use0 aLice treatment guidelines emphasize careful medication use aUnited Statesc2000 a10, 120 v1110aanimals10achild10aDrug Resistance10ahumans10aLice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy10aLindane/therapeutic use10aMalathion10aPediculus10aPermethrin10aU.S.A.1 aLevenson, D. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/lice-treatment-guidelines-emphasize-careful-medication-use02405nas a2200349 4500008004100000020001400041245006300055210006100118260001800179300001400197490000700211520144000218653001201658653002001670653001101690653001101701653002501712653001501737653000901752653001401761653001701775653003701792653001201829653001101841100002101852700001501873700001801888700001601906700001501922700002401937856009401961 2000 eng d a0269-283X00aIsoenzymes of human lice: Pediculus humanus and P. capitis0 aIsoenzymes of human lice Pediculus humanus and P capitis aEnglandc2000 a419 - 4250 v143 aHuman lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Africa, America and Europe were electrophoresed for 28 enzymes, with special interest in metabolic factors likely to be involved with insecticide resistance. Zymogram profiles of the body louse (Pediculus humanus L. from France and U.S.A.) and the head louse (P. capitis DeGeer from France, Madagascar, Mali & Senegal) were compared. Only esterase two enzymes, phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and 3 (Est-3), showed electrophoretic variation. In our starch gel electrophoresis conditions, P. humanus showed three electromorphs of Pgm migrating anodally 6, 11 and 16 mm (designated alleles a, b, c, respectively). Of the putative Pgm alleles, b and c occurred in all samples of both species of lice, whereas allele a was found only in P. humanus lab strain from U.S.A. Esterase 3 had four electromorphs migrating 23, 26, 30 and 35 mm (designated alleles a, b, c and d). Among putative Est alleles, a was found only in P. capitis from Bamako (all 14 specimens aa homozygotes), allele d was found only in P. capitis from Dakar (39% frequency), whereas Est-3 alleles b and c showed apparently balanced polymorphism in all samples of both P. humanus and P. capitis except that from Bamako. Despite the limited amount of isoenzyme variation detected (only 2/31 polymorphic loci), divergences of Est-3 and Pgm among Pediculus populations may be relevant to their biosystematics and resistance.
10aanimals10aelectrophoresis10aFrance10ahumans10aIsoenzymes/chemistry10aMadagascar10aMali10aPediculus10apolymorphism10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10aSenegal10aU.S.A.1 aAmevigbe, M., D.1 aFerrer, A.1 aChamporie, S.1 aMonteny, N.1 aDeunff, J.1 aRichard-Lenoble, D. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00260.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed01777nas a2200301 4500008004100000020001400041245006700055210006600122260002400188300001400212490000700226520084700233653001001080653000901090653001201099653002101111653001101132653004301143653001601186653001401202653004001216653002601256653001101282100002201293700001801315700002301333856011901356 2001 eng d a0022-439100aPrimary grade teachers' knowledge and perceptions of head lice0 aPrimary grade teachers knowledge and perceptions of head lice aUnited Statesc2001 a448 - 4520 v713 aThis study examined primary grade teachers' knowledge of head lice, perceived self-efficacy in dealing with head lice, and preferred resources of additional information on head lice. Survey data from a three-wave mailing (M = 292; 60%) found that teachers needed more knowledge regarding head lice and were significantly more knowledgeable as teaching experience increased. A plurality (46%) had high efficacy expectations scores regarding their ability to control the spread of head lice. Most (71%) primary teachers reported they received most of their head lice information from school nurses. Most (63%) said they would like more information on how to prevent head lice infestation, and they wanted the information in the form of videotapes (68%) and brochures (51%). Only 23% provided yearly instruction regarding head lice.
10aadult10aAged10aanimals10ahealth education10ahumans10aLice Infestations/prevention & control10aMiddle Aged10aPediculus10aSchools/statistics & numerical data10aSocioeconomic Factors10aU.S.A.1 aKirchofer, G., M.1 aPrice, J., H.1 aTelljohann, S., K. uhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/11627544_Primary_Grade_Teachers%27_Knowledge_and_Perceptions_of_Head_Lice00566nas a2200229 4500008004100000245001400041210001400055260000900069300001200078490000700090653001200097653001000109653001100119653005300130653002200183653001400205653001000219653001100229100001900240700001700259856006000276 2002 eng d00aHead lice0 aHead lice c2002 a34 - 350 v2310aanimals10achild10ahumans10aLice Infestations/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy10aLife Cycle Stages10aPediculus10ascalp10aU.S.A.1 aBloomfield, D.1 aAdam, H., M. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/head-lice-700674nas a2200253 4500008004100000245001400041210001400055260000900069300001600078490000800094653001200102653001100114653001600125653004800141653001400189653001400203653003700217653002100254653001100275100002600286700002400312700002400336856006000360 2002 eng d00aHead lice0 aHead lice c2002 a1381 - 13820 v34710aanimals10ahumans10ainsecticide10aLice Infestations/drug therapy/transmission10aMalathion10aPediculus10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10ascalp dermatoses10aU.S.A.1 aMeinking, Terri, Lynn1 aBurkhart, Craig, G.1 aBurkhart, Craig, N. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/head-lice-502070nas a2200361 4500008004100000245015200041210006900193260000900262300001400271490000700285520100800292653001201300653001401312653001801326653001001344653000801354653001401362653001101376653001201387653001001399653003501409653002801444653001401472653001401486653001501500653003701515653001301552653001101565653001401576100002101590700002401611856007301635 2002 eng d00aIntragenomic variation in ITS2 rDNA in the louse of humans, Pediculus humanus: ITS2 is not a suitable marker for population studies in this species0 aIntragenomic variation in ITS2 rDNA in the louse of humans Pedic c2002 a651 - 6570 v113 aThe two internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA are often used as markers of populations of insects. We studied the ITS2 of the head lice and body lice of humans, to determine whether this gene is a suitable marker of populations of these insects. ITS2 sequences were amplified by PCR from lice from four different countries: Australia, China, Japan and the USA. Direct cycle-sequencing of some of these PCR products gave equivocal nucleotide chromatograms. This indicated that some lice had more than one ITS2 sequence, so we cloned PCR products from these lice. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) revealed that 50 of the 67 clones we screened had different nucleotide sequences. All lice had several ITS2 types, including those with unequivocal chromatograms. A phylogenetic tree of 15 different ITS2 sequences showed that the sequences from individual lice were not monophyletic. We conclude that the ITS2 is not a useful marker of populations for Pediculus humanus.
10aanimals10aAustralia10aBase Sequence10aChina10adna10ageography10ahumans10aIntrons10aJapan10aLice Infestations/parasitology10aMolecular Sequence Data10aPediculus10aPhylogeny10apolymerase10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10asequence10aU.S.A.10avariation1 aLeo, Natalie, P.1 aBarker, Stephen, C. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44841.pdf00748nas a2200301 4500008004100000020001400041245001600055210001500071260002400086300000700110490000800117653001600125653001200141653001000153653001800163653002100181653001100202653001600213653004300229653001900272653001200291653001400303653002100317653001900338653001100357100001800368856006000386 2003 eng d a0002-936X00aNit-picking0 aNitpicking aUnited Statesc2003 a230 v10310aAbsenteeism10aanimals10achild10aChild Welfare10ahealth education10ahumans10ainsecticide10aLice Infestations/prevention & control10aMass Screening10aParents10aPediculus10ascalp dermatoses10aSchool Nursing10aU.S.A.1 aGoldsmith, J. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/nit-picking02144nas a2200277 4500008004100000020001400041245013200055210006900187260001800256300001400274490000700288520130700295653001201602653002501614653003001639653001101669653001201680653001101692653000901703653003301712653001101745653001001756653000801766100001901774856007301793 2002 eng d a0391-971400aTyphus vaccine developments from the First to the Second World War (on Paul Weindling's 'between bacteriology and virology...')0 aTyphus vaccine developments from the First to the Second World W aEnglandc2002 a467 - 4850 v243 aAfter the louse transmission of epidemic typhus had been established (1909), a small microorganism (thought to belong to a new genus, Rickettsia) was shown in enormous numbers in the guts of lice that had fed on human typhus victims. Attempts at cultivating this organism on inert media failed; transfer from louse to louse without loss of virulence for the vertebrate host was successful. Some scientists were not convinced of the etiologic role of Rickettsiae, because the presence of this microbe in blood and organs of victims or of experimentally infected animals was difficult to demonstrate. This uncertainty was dispelled in 1928, when in guinea pigs infected with material from the closely related disease Tabardillo (murine typhus) abundant Rickettsiae were revealed in the tunica vaginalis. Live vaccines, derived from strains of murine typhus and deployed in French North Africa, were considered by outside observers as unsafe. Killed vaccines were derived from the masses of Rickettsiae present in louse guts, in chick embryo yolk sacs or in vertebrate lungs. These developments were not spurned by any 'upswing of virology' but by the threat of typhus in endemic areas and, after 1938, in a war-torn world. Their basis was firmly anchored in bacteriological thought styles and techniques.10aanimals10aBacteriology/history10aDisease Outbreaks/history10aEurope10ahistory10ahumans10alice10aRickettsial Vaccines/history10aU.S.A.10avirus10awar1 aLindenmann, J. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44745.pdf02203nas a2200325 4500008004100000020001400041245008200055210006900137260002400206300001400230490000700244520124100251653001201492653001001504653002101514653002001535653001501555653001101570653001101581653001601592653004501608653001401653653001401667653003701681653002101718653001101739100002301750700001601773856008801789 2004 eng d a0009-922800aEconomic considerations associated with Pediculus humanus capitis infestation0 aEconomic considerations associated with Pediculus humanus capiti aUnited Statesc2004 a523 - 5270 v433 aAn estimated 6 to 12 million head lice infestations occur in the United States annually, with children ages 3 to 12 most likely to be affected. There are significant direct costs associated with treatment and indirect costs due to lost time from school. Anecdotal reports suggest that direct costs of treatment are in the hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Indirect costs are also substantial but more difficult to quantify. Examples of indirect costs include missed days from schools that use a "no nit" policy, lost wages for parents who must stay home with children, and costs of daycare for parents who cannot miss work. Contributors to the expense of treating head lice include misdiagnosis, and, consequently unneeded treatment; treatment failure due to misuse of pediculicides or other agents; and developing resistance, particularly to over-the-counter pyrethroid agents. An overview of direct and indirect costs of infestation are included in this review, along with a discussion of factors that lead to misuse and overuse of pediculicides. More accurate diagnosis of head lice infestation may provide the most effective means of controlling the costs of care and ensuring proper use of pediculicides.
10aanimals10achild10aChild, Preschool10aCost of Illness10aDrug Costs10ahumans10aInfant10ainsecticide10aLice Infestations/drug therapy/economics10aPediculus10aPyrethrum10aResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't10ascalp dermatoses10aU.S.A.1 aHansen, Ronald, C.1 aO'Haver, J. uhttp://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.827.7768&rep=rep1&type=pdf00838nas a2200265 4500008004100000020001400041245009700055210006900152260002400221300001300245490000700258653001200265653001100277653002700288653005100315653001400366653001100380100001800391700002300409700002300432700001700455700002300472700002600495856005100521 2004 eng d a1088-022400aFaculty discussion: definitive management of head lice in the era of pediculicide resistance0 aFaculty discussion definitive management of head lice in the era aUnited Statesc2004 aS283 - 60 v1010aanimals10ahumans10aInsecticide resistance10aLice Infestations/drug therapy/physiopathology10aPediculus10aU.S.A.1 aEllis, E., F.1 aFrankowski, B., L.1 aSchoessler, S., Z.1 aWest, D., P.1 aHansen, Ronald, C.1 aMeinking, Terri, Lynn uhttps://www.ajmc.com/view/sep04-1896ps283-s28703021nas a2200241 4500008004100000020001400041245010400055210006900159260002400228300001400252490000700266520216400273653001202437653001102449653001602460653002702476653006902503653001402572653002502586653001102611100002302622856013402645 2004 eng d a1088-022400aAmerican Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for the prevention and treatment of head lice infestation0 aAmerican Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for the prevention and aUnited Statesc2004 aS269 - 720 v103 aThe American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) established diagnosis and treatment guidelines for pediculosis in 2002. Ideally, diagnosis should be based on the observation of a live louse. The presence of nits is also used by many people to positively diagnose an infestation, although a nit located farther from the scalp than 1 cm is unlikely to be viable. Other material on the scalp may be mistaken for nits, leading to misdiagnosis. Because lice are not associated with serious medical problems, the primary consideration of the AAP regarding treatment is the safety of pediculicides and other products used to treat head lice. From a pediatrician's perspective, no significant risk is acceptable. Over-the-counter (OTC) pyrethroid products (pyrethrin and permethrin) are commonly used by parents to treat their children and are generally considered safe for most people. Pyrethroids are not completely ovicidal, however, so a second application is required. Misuse and overuse of these products have contributed to the development of resistance. Prescription products include permethrin 5%, lindane, and malathion 0.5%. Resistance to permethrin 5% and lindane has been documented. In addition, lindane is associated with serious adverse events and should be used with caution only in a select population. Malathion 0.5% is about 98% ovicidal, and no resistance has been reported. Malathion is highly effective, but AAP guidelines note that the product is flammable and serious adverse effects can occur with ingestion. Very few cases of ingestion have occurred, and no reported cases of flammability, but children being treated with malathion should be carefully supervised, and this pediculicide should not be used unless treatment with OTC products has failed. AAP guidelines also state that no-nit policies in schools are detrimental, causing lost time in the classroom, inappropriate allocation of the school nurse's time for lice screening, and a response to infestations that is out of proportion to their medical significance. Accurate diagnosis, safe treatment options, and a common-sense approach to managing infestations in schools are recommended.10aanimals10ahumans10ainsecticide10aInsecticide resistance10aLice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology/prevention & control10aPediculus10aPhysician's Practice10aU.S.A.1 aFrankowski, B., L. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/american-academy-pediatrics-guidelines-prevention-and-treatment-head-lice-infestation02914nas a2200241 4500008004100000020001400041245006000055210005900115260002400174300001300198490000700211520219200218653001202410653001002422653002102432653001102453653001602464653004802480653001402528653001102542100002302553856009602576 2004 eng d a1088-022400aOverview: the state of head lice management and control0 aOverview the state of head lice management and control aUnited Statesc2004 aS260 - 30 v103 aHead lice infestations affect millions of people in the United States. Children become infested more often than adults and account for the largest percentage of infestations. Head lice have not been shown to transfer disease, and they are not associated with serious morbidity. The most common effect of lice infestation is pruritus of the scalp with occasional cutaneous infection caused by scratching. Nevertheless, many schools have "no-nit" policies, which require the dismissal of children from school if nits or lice are found. These policies are ineffective in preventing infestations and result in many missed days of school. Lice infestations are most effectively managed with pediculicides. Pyrethroids are the mainstay of over-the-counter products. Prescription pediculicides include OVIDE (malathion) Lotion, 0.5% and lindane (formerly marketed as Kwell). Resistance to pyrethroids due to misuse and overuse has been documented. Lindane resistance also has been reported, and serious safety issues about lindane have been raised by the Food and Drug Administration. Lindane labeling now includes warnings and several restrictions in its use. Malathion is not associated with major systemic safety issues or the development of resistance within the United States. A contributor to pediculicide resistance is misdiagnosis of lice infestations. Survey data reveal frequent misdiagnosis of infestations in children who do not have live lice. Physicians generally are more likely to misdiagnose infestations than nonhealthcare providers. Misdiagnosis contributes to resistance by causing overuse, and consequently overexposure, of pediculicides. These agents should be used only if live lice or viable nits are discovered. Head lice infestations generally do not contribute to health risks for individuals or the public. The most serious consequence is the social cost of missed school days and the associated cost of lost productivity and wages of parents who must care for children sent home from school. Better diagnosis, more appropriate use of pediculicides, and elimination of no-nit policies will improve the overall management of head lice infestations.
10aanimals10achild10aChild, Preschool10ahumans10ainsecticide10aLice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology10aPediculus10aU.S.A.1 aHansen, Ronald, C. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/overview-state-head-lice-management-and-control00781nas a2200265 4500008004100000020001400041245009300055210006900148260000900217300001200226490000600238653001200244653002800256653001500284653001100299653001600310653002700326653001400353653001400367653001200381653002300393653001100416100002400427856006400451 2005 eng d a1545-961600aA dermatologist's response to the American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines on Head Lice0 adermatologists response to the American Academy of Pediatrics Gu c2005 a14 - 150 v410aanimals10aDrugs, Non-Prescription10aGuidelines10ahumans10ainsecticide10aInsecticide resistance10aPediculus10aPyrethrum10aschools10aSocieties, Medical10aU.S.A.1 aBurkhart, Craig, G. uhttp://www.headlice.org/news/2005/dermatologistresponse.htm00473nas a2200193 4500008004100000245002800041210002600069260000900095300001400104490000700118653001200125653001200137653000900149653000800158653001100166653001100177100002200188856006900210 2005 eng d00aRats, lice, and Zinsser0 aRats lice and Zinsser c2005 a492 - 4960 v1110aanimals10ahistory10alice10arat10atyphus10aU.S.A.1 aWeissmann, Gerald uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45885.pdf00742nas a2200181 4500008004100000245018400041210006900225260000900294300001400303490000700317653000900324653001600333653001300349653001100362100002400373700002200397856014100419 1982 eng d00aEctoparasites and other associates of the eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus (Rodentia: Sciuridae), from northeastern USA, with additional records from Prince Edward Island, Canada0 aEctoparasites and other associates of the eastern chipmunk Tamia c1982 a217 - 2180 v1910aGert10aHoplopleura10arodentia10aU.S.A.1 aPayne, Roderick, A.1 aJones, Gwilym, S. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/ectoparasites-and-other-associates-eastern-chipmunk-tamias-striatus-rodentia-sciuridae-north00816nas a2200301 4500008004100000245004800041210004600089260001200135300000700147490000700154653001000161653001200171653001000183653001100193653001600204653002700220653004600247653001400293653001800307653002100325653002300346653001300369653001800382653001300400653001100413100002100424856006900445 1944 eng d00aA note on some British and foreign Anoplura0 anote on some British and foreign Anoplura c03/1944 a600 v8010aAsien10aDenmark10aEgypt10aEurope10aHoplopleura10aHoplopleura acanthopus10aNeohaemtaopinus sciuropteri USA: Rodentia10aNicaragua10aNorth America10apolyplax serrata10aPolyplax spinigera10aSchweden10aSouth America10aTroester10aU.S.A.1 aO'Mahony, Eugene uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42724.pdf00745nas a2200253 4500008004100000245010200041210006900143260000900212300001400221490000700235653001300242653000900255653001900264653001500283653001300298653001400311653001600325653001300341653001100354100001900365700002100384700001700405856006900422 1963 eng d00aA quantitative taxonomic study of the Enderleinellus suturalis complex (Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae)0 aquantitative taxonomic study of the Enderleinellus suturalis com c1963 a134 - 1480 v1210aAnoplura10aatax10aEnderleinellus10aMorpholigy10arodentia10asuturalis10asystematics10aTroester10aU.S.A.1 aKim, Ke, Chung1 aBrown, Byron, W.1 aCook, E., F. uhttp://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42440.pdf00889nas a2200193 4500008004100000245010700041210006900148260000900217300000700226490000700233520031700240653001300557653002000570653001300590653001300603653001100616100001800627856005000645 1951 eng d00aFirst record of a louse (Neohaematopinus sciurinus) from the American grey squirrel in the Cape0 aFirst record of a louse iNeohaematopinus sciurinusi from the Ame c1951 a260 v143 aThe American grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin) was introduced to the Cape from Great Britain by Rhodes soon after 1900. The grey squirrel is now to be found throughout the Cape Peninsula and other Cape areas. The louse Neohaematopinus sciurinus is now reported for the first time from the Cap.
10aAnoplura10aneohaematopinus10arodentia10aTroester10aU.S.A.1 aDavis, D.H.S. uhttps://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00128789_440503013nas a2200229 4500008004100000245015400041210006900195260000900264300001400273490000700287520226800294653001002562653001102572653001802583653001102601100002202612700001802634700001802652700001902670700002202689856007202711 1997 eng d00aEctoparasite fauna of the eastern woodrat, Neotoma floridana: composition, origin, and comparison with ectoparasite faunas of western woodrat species0 aEctoparasite fauna of the eastern woodrat Neotoma floridana comp c1997 a374 - 3810 v833 aWe collected ectoparasites from eastern woodrats, Neotoma floridana , from 3 sites in the southeastern United States: coastal South Carolina, southeast Georgia, and south-central Georgia. Twelve ectoparasite species were recovered from 47 woodrats in South Carolina (5 ticks, 5 mites, 2 fleas), 13 from 35 woodrats in south-central Georgia(1 tick, 10 miles,2 fleas), and 4 from a small host sample 171 in southeast Georgia (2 ticks, 1 mite, 1 flea). New state records are established for the listrophorid mite Listrophorus neotomae from both Georgia and South Carolina, the myocoptid mite Myocoptes neotomae from Georgia, and the ceratophyllid flea Orchupeas sexdentatus pennsylvanicus from South Carolina. Different ectoparasites predominated on woodrats at each sire with the tick Ixodes minor being the most commonly collected species in South Carolina, the American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis in southeast Georgia, and the chigger Euschoengastia peromysci in south-central Georgia. Most of the 17 species recovered are known to parasitize several species of mammals, especially rodents, and none of them are host specific to N. floridana. However, the fleas Epitedia cavernicola and Epitedin neotomae are host-specific ectoparasites of eastern woodrats in other parts of their range. Also, 1 species of tick, 2 mites, and 3 fleas parasitize eastern woodrats in addition to western woodrats. A similar lack of host specificity is apparent: for the few previously documented collections of ectoparasites from eastern woodrats, including 1 detailed survey in Indiana. Conversely, Neotoma spp, woodrats inhabiting western North America are parasitized by a plethora of host-specific ectoparasites including 2 tick species, 5 mites (other than chiggers), 20 chiggers, 2 sucking Lice, and 42 fleas. Recognizing that western biotas are typically more speciose than corresponding eastern biotas in North America, we further propose that because eastern woodrats are the most recent and eastern descendants of the ancestral Neotoma stock, (1) some ectoparasite species failed to accompany the eastern woodrat lineage in its eastward dispersals, and (2) there has been insufficient time for a diverse assemblage of ectoparasites to co-evolve with eastern woodrats.10aAcari10amexico10aNorth America10aU.S.A.1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aBanks, C., W.1 aClark, K., L.1 aBelbey, B., V.1 aOliver, James, H. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3028.pdf01301nas a2200253 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168260000900237300001400246490000700260520053800267653001200805653001600817653001500833653001100848653001300859653001300872653001800885653001300903653001100916100002100927700002700948856007200975 1996 eng d00aTaxonomic importance of first-instar chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) from pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae)0 aTaxonomic importance of firstinstar chewing lice Phthiraptera Tr c1996 a510 - 5180 v893 aA study of 1st-instar nymphs representing 119 of the 122 currently recognized taxa of pocket gopher lice of the genera Geomydoecus and Thomomydoecus resulted in the recognition of numerous valuable taxonomic features enabling reliable differentiation for a surprisingly large number of these lice. These characters are discussed primarily at the species complex level, with mention of specific differences where pertinent. A key is given for the identification of the currently recognized 26 complexes of pocket gopher lice.
10acomplex10ageomydoecus10aMallophaga10amexico10arodentia10ataxonomy10athomomydoecus10athomomys10aU.S.A.1 aPrice, Roger, D.1 aHellenthal, Ronald, A. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2985.pdf01783nas a2200349 4500008004100000245006300041210006100104260000900165300001600174490000700190520088800197653000901085653001101094653001201105653001501117653000901132653001801141653001101159653002601170653001801196653001401214653001101228100001901239700002101258700001901279700001701298700001401315700001801329700002601347700001901373856004101392 1992 eng d00aA clinico epidemiologic study of epidemic typhus in Africa0 aclinico epidemiologic study of epidemic typhus in Africa c1992 a1149 - 11580 v143 aEpidemic, louse-borne typhus persists in the rugged, mountainous areas of Ethiopia and much of northeastern and central Africa as well as in the rural highlands of Central and South America, where the conditions of living favor the harboring of body lice and where antibiotic treatment and effective louse-control measures are unavailable. The historical significance and current epidemiology of typhus, including the reservoir of Rickettsia prowazekii in flying squirrels in the United States, are reviewed, and the clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and hospital course in the cases of 60 patients admitted with epidemic, louse-borne typhus to the St. Paul's Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, are described. Treatment of this disease with oral doxycycline, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol prevents complications and results in prompt resolution of symptoms.
10abody10aflying10agenetic10ainfections10alice10amediterranean10amurine10arickettsia prowazekii10aspotted fever10asquirrels10aU.S.A.1 aPerine, P., L.1 aChandler, B., P.1 aKrause, D., K.1 aMcCardle, P.1 aAwoke, S.1 aHabtegabr, E.1 aWisseman, Charles, L.1 aMcDade, J., E. uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/445648002116nas a2200265 4500008004100000245015300041210006900194260000900263300001400272490000700286520133900293653001001632653001401642653001501656653001301671653001601684653001301700653001101713653002401724653001001748653001101758100002201769700001801791856004101809 1991 eng d00aParasitic and phoretic arthropods of sylvatic and commensal White footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in Central Tennessee, with notes on lyme disease0 aParasitic and phoretic arthropods of sylvatic and commensal Whit c1991 a219 - 2230 v773 aSixteen species of parasitic or phoretic arthropods were collected from 56 white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, live- trapped in central Tennessee from April through November 1987. Arthropod infestation was compared for mice taken from sylvatic (woodland) versus commensal (household) habitats. Three species were recorded from hosts in both habitats: the sucking louse Hoplopleura hesperomydis, the flea Epitedia wenmanni, and the laelapid mite Androlaelaps casalis. Twelve of the 13 remaining arthropod species were taken only from mice trapped in woodland whereas the phoretic glycyphagid mite Glycyphagus hypudaei was collected only from commensal mice. Arthropod faunas on commensal hosts clearly were impoverished. The 12 additional arthropod species recorded from the woodland mice consisted of 1 nidicolous beetle, Leptinus orientamericanus; 1 bot, Cuterebra fontinella; 3 fleas, Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes, Orchopeas leucopus and Peromyscopsylla scotti; 1 tick, Dermacentor variabilis; 2 mesostigmatid mites, Androlaelaps fahrenholzi and Ornithonyssus bacoti; 3 chiggers, Comatacarus americanus, Euschoengastia peromysci, and Leptotrombidium peromysci; and 1 undescribed pygmephorid mite of the genus Pygmephorus. Two nymphal and 100 larval D. variabilis were examined for spirochetes and found to be uninfected.
10aAcari10aamblyomma10aamericanum10aBorrelia10aDermacentor10aixodidae10amammal10apopulation dynamics10aticks10aU.S.A.1 aDurden, Lance, A.1 aWilson, Nixon uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/328308500587nas a2200169 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126260000900195300001300204653002100217653001200238653001200250653001300262653001100275100001300286856011800299 1999 eng d00aNits make lice - Drogheda, Sand Creek, and the poetics of colonial extermination0 aNits make lice Drogheda Sand Creek and the poetics of colonial e c1999 a81 - 10310aAmerican Indians10ahistory10aIreland10amassacre10aU.S.A.1 aKane, K. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/content/nits-make-lice-drogheda-sand-creek-and-poetics-colonial-extermination00794nas a2200289 4500008004100000245005700041210005700098260000900155300001400164490000700178653001200185653002000197653001200217653001600229653001400245653001500259653001300274653001300287653001400300653001300314653002000327653001900347653001100366100002700377700002100404856007900425 1991 eng d00aBiosystematics of the chewing lice of pocket gophers0 aBiosystematics of the chewing lice of pocket gophers c1991 a185 - 2030 v3610acomplex10adifferentiation10agenetic10ageomydoecus10aGeomyidae10aMallophaga10arodentia10asubgenus10atalpoides10athomomys10athomomys bottae10atrichodectidae10aU.S.A.1 aHellenthal, Ronald, A.1 aPrice, Roger, D. uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0098.pdf02121nas a2200301 4500008004100000245016700041210006900208260000900277300001400286490000700300520120000307653001601507653001701523653001201540653001701552653001401569653001401583653001801597653000901615653001501624653001101639653001301650653001101663100002501674700002101699700002701720856007201747 1995 eng d00aPhylogeny of Geomydoecus and Thomomydoecus pocket gopher lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) inferred from cladistic analysis of adult and first instar morphology0 aPhylogeny of Geomydoecus and Thomomydoecus pocket gopher lice Ph c1995 a129 - 1430 v203 aThe phylogeny of all 122 species of chewing lice of the genera Geomydoecus and Thomomydoecus (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) hosted by pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) is estimated by a cladistic analysis of fifty-eight morphological characters obtained from adults and first instars. The data set has considerable homoplasy, but still contains phylogenetic information. The phylogeny obtained is moderately resolved and, with some notable exceptions supports the species complexes proposed by Hellenthal and Price over the last two decades. The subgenera of G. (Thaelerius) and T. (Thomomydoecus)are both shown to be monophyletic , but the monophyly of subgenus T. (Jamespattonius) could not be confirmed, perhaps due to the lack of first instar data for one of its component species. The nominate subgenus of Geomydoecus may be monophyletic, but our cadogram was insufficiently resolved to corroberate this. Mapping the pocket gopher hosts on to the phylogeny reveals a consistant pattern of louse clades being restricted to particular genera or subgenera of gophers, but the history of the host-parasite association appears complex and will require considerable effort to resolve.
10aassemblages10aChewing lice10acomplex10acospeciation10aEvolution10aGeomyidae10ahost parasite10alice10aMallophaga10amexico10arodentia10aU.S.A.1 aPage, Roderic, D. M.1 aPrice, Roger, D.1 aHellenthal, Ronald, A. uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0003.pdf