01774nas a2200205 4500008004100000245011200041210006900153260005300222300001500275490000800290520106200298653001801360653002801378653002301406653001401429653001401443653002301457100002201480856006601502 2021 eng d00aBaseline Health Survey of Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) From Across Western Oklahoma0 aBaseline Health Survey of Northern Bobwhite Quail iColinus virgi aATHENS, GEORGIAbUniversity of GeorgiacDec 2021 aix, 126 pp0 vMSc3 a

The Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) is a valuable upland game bird in Oklahoma that has been suffering from severe and ongoing population decline. In this study, we evaluated the health of bobwhite quail across western Oklahoma through necropsy and screening for selected pathogens and parasites.  A total of 206 bobwhite were sampled, processed, and were found to be in overall good condition with ample muscle mass and visible fat stores. Many pathogens screened for were not found; however, several pathogens or protozoan parasites of potential importance were detected including Toxoplasma gondii and Avian Adenovirus. Although numerous species of external, intramuscular, intraorbital and gastrointestinal parasites were observed, the prevalence and intensities were low. However, two parasites (Aulonocephalus pennula and Raillietina) were associated with reduced fat stores. Establishing baseline health data can help guide management strategies to preserve existing populations of the Northern Bobwhite Quail in Oklahoma.

10ahealth survey10aNorthern Bobwhite Quail10aOxyspirura petrowi10aparasites10apathogens10apopulation decline1 aWyckoff, Seth, T. uhttps://esploro.libs.uga.edu/esploro/outputs/994942093060295902737nas a2200169 4500008004100000245006600041210006500107260005500172300001000227490000800237520215700245653002002402653002302422653001902445100002302464856008002487 2023 eng d00aHOW DOES CLIMATE CHANGE INFLUENCE PARASITE PRESSURE ON BIRDS?0 aHOW DOES CLIMATE CHANGE INFLUENCE PARASITE PRESSURE ON BIRDS aSalt Lake City, UtahbUNiversity of UtahcAug 2023 a75 pp0 vMSc3 a

Climate change will impact ecosystems as abiotic factors such as temperature and humidity change. Changes in ecosystems will lead to changes in species composition as species either relocate, adapt to their new environment, or go extinct. It is only possible to make robust predictions about how climate change will influence the distribution of species if information about their natural history is known. There is, however, a gap in our knowledge about the natural history of many organisms, which makes it difficult to predict how these species will be influenced by changes in the environment. Organisms such as parasites, are understudied even though they represent a large percentage of eukaryotic biodiversity and can impact their hosts. With ectoparasites on doves and pigeons (Columbiformes), it has been found that humidity may influence their populations, with more ectoparasites being found in regions with higher humidity than in regions with lower humidity. Unfortunately, there is a sampling bias with more surveys of parasites being carried out in humid regions than arid regions.

To better understand how parasites will be influenced by climate change, I conducted surveys of ectoparasites found on birds in urban and montane Utah. The prevalence of chewing lice was 10% in the montane region and 5.6% in the urban region.
Although many of the birds sampled are common to Utah, new louse host records were found in each survey, highlighting how understudied these ectoparasites are.

For Chapter 3, faunal surveys of birds and their ectoparasitic lice were used to investigate how likely changes in humidity will influence ectoparasite pressure on birds. Louse prevalence was significantly positively correlated with humidity, and louse
abundance tended to increase with humidity. The results from this study imply that the number of lice will decrease as areas become arid and increase in areas becoming wetter. However, more surveys should be carried out in regions with lower humidity so that more robust predictions can be made on how climate change could influence ectoparasite populations.

10aAccipitriformes10aCardellina pusilla10aColumbina inca1 aDavis, Kyle, McKay uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/96429.pdf04906nas a2200241 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122260007500191300001100266490000800277520413300285653002504418653002004443653002604463653001404489653001804503653002404521653003104545653000904576653001104585100002204596856004604618 2018 eng d00aUntangling the coevolutionary history between doves and their parasitic lice0 aUntangling the coevolutionary history between doves and their pa aUrbana, IllinoisbUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaigncMay 2018 a291 pp0 vPhd3 a

In host-parasite systems, any given host species can be associated with multiple types of parasites, each of which can have a unique ecological relationship with the host. However, it remains unclear how these ecological differences link to evolutionary patterns. What shapes the dynamics of a host-parasite interaction over evolutionary time? An ideal approach for addressing this question is to compare multiple lineages of similar parasites that are associated with the same group of hosts but have distinct ecological differences – or “ecological replicates.” For my dissertation, I applied this strategy by focusing on the wing and body lice of doves. These two “ecomorphs” of lice are not closely related yet exclusively parasitize the same group of hosts. Notably, wing lice have a greater capability for dispersal than body lice. Dispersal is an important ecological component of host-parasite interactions and speciation in general. The first part of my dissertation examined broad cophylogenetic patterns across the dove-louse system. I found that wing and body lice did not have correlated patterns, and body lice showed more cospeciation with their hosts. This pattern agreed with previous studies, the results of which suggested that the increased cospeciation in body lice was due to differences in dispersal ability. In contrast with previous work, I also found that both wing and body louse phylogenies are statistically congruent with the host phylogeny. However, the previous studies had limited taxon sampling compared to my study, indicating that taxon sampling can have a significant impact on the results of cophylogenetic comparisons, and that there can be variable cophylogenetic patterns within a host-parasite system. Cophylogenetic variation in dove lice was further highlighted by my study on lice from phabine doves, a clade native to Australia and Southeast Asia. In this system, wing lice have higher levels of cospeciation with their hosts than did body lice, which is the opposite pattern found in other dove louse systems. The second part of my dissertation focused on the wing and body lice of New World ground-doves. All three groups (wing lice, body lice, and doves) are monophyletic and have relatively few species, which makes the system ideal for obtaining a comprehensive taxonomic sample. As a group that straddles the population-species boundary, ground-dove lice are also useful for gaining insight into host-parasite evolution at phylogenetic and population scales. I used Sanger or whole-genome sequencing data to estimate phylogenetic and/or population patterns of the ground-dove hosts and both groups of lice. For the louse genomes, I developed a novel pipeline to assemble nuclear genes for phylogenetic analysis and call SNPs for population analysis. My results indicate that dispersal is a key factor in shaping the evolution of this host-parasite system. Body lice had higher levels of cospeciation with their hosts, were more host-specific, and had higher rates of divergence than wing lice. At the population level, some body lice also showed host-specific structure, whereas wing lice did not. Body lice also had lower levels of heterozygosity than wing lice, suggesting higher levels of inbreeding. However, dispersal is likely not the only factor that shapes this host-parasite system. Host phylogeny appears to have a significant effect as well. Both wing and body louse phylogenies were statistically congruent with the host phylogeny, and the congruence metrics for individual associations were correlated between the two types of lice. Biogeography may also dictate host-parasite interactions. The wing louse phylogeny was significantly structured according to biogeographic region, and both wing and body lice also showed some biogeographic structure at the population level. Together, these results show that host-parasite interactions can be dictated by many ecological factors over evolutionary time, even in the presence of a primary, dominant factor (e.g., parasite dispersal)

https://core.ac.uk/outputs/161953145

10aAerodramus salangana10aCOPHYLOGENETICS10aGoniocotes talegallae10aparasites10aPhylogenetics10apopulation genetics10aStronglyocotes orbicularis10atext10aThesis1 aSweet, Andrew, D. uhttps://core.ac.uk/download/161953145.pdf02876nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012300041210006900164260005100233300001100284490000800295520237300303100002802676856003802704 2020 eng d00aA Parasite Survey of Passerine Birds and Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) in the Rolling Plains Ecoregion0 aParasite Survey of Passerine Birds and Northern Bobwhite Quail C aLubbock, TexasbTexas Tech Universityc05-2020 a113 pp0 vMSc3 a

Eyeworms (Oxyspirura petrowi) and caecal worms (Aulonocephalus pennula) are heteroxenous nematodes being investigated as contributors to the decline of the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter Bobwhite), an iconic game bird. Researchers have documented declines of over 4% annually across the range and declines in historic strongholds including the Rolling Plains of Texas. While climatic factors and habitat change were considered to be leading contributors, parasitic infection is gaining attention as a potentially important factor. Researchers have documented infection rates of eyeworms in Bobwhite as high as 90% and caecal worms as high as 100%. Furthermore, eyeworms have been documented in a Curve-billed Thrasher (Toxostoma curvirostre), Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos), and Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata) from the Rolling Plains. This is likely due to their diets, which include insect intermediate hosts of eyeworms. However, due to  extremely few comprehensive parasite studies concerning these species and previous passerine helminth reports being compiled from incidental bycatch, the extent of shared parasitism between quail and passerines in the Rolling Plains is unknown. Thus, the potential for passerines specifically to serve as reservoir hosts or means of dispersal to introduce parasites to naïve populations may currently be overlooked. To investigate this possibility and further document shared parasitism between passerines and quail, full parasite surveys on Bobwhite, Scaled Quail, Northern Mockingbirds, Curve-billed Thrashers, and Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) were conducted. Birds were trapped with baited double funnel traps at three study sites in the Rolling Plains from March to October 2019. After which, specimens were fully necropsied and both endo and ectoparasite prevalence were assessed. These assessments have demonstrated instances of coinfection, with one of the most prominent cohabitations occurring between eyeworms and lice across all species. In addition to this, data elicited from this survey contributes to broadening the current knowledge of parasitic infection concerning the study species. The findings of this study are a valuable baseline for future studies given the passerines’ potential to serve as reservoir hosts and disperse parasites.

1 aHerzog, Jessica, Louise uhttps://hdl.handle.net/2346/8573904219nas a2200133 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260011000210300001200320490001100332520365000343100001903993856007304012 2003 eng d00aStudies on the infestation of male pheasants (Phasanius colchicus) with ecto- and endoparasites0 aStudies on the infestation of male pheasants Phasanius colchicus aLeipzig, GermanybInstitute of Parasitology, Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzigc2003 a1 - 2430 vD.V.M.3 aBetween October 1999 and January 2000 all together 151 male pheasants were examinedfocussing on incidence of ectoparasites and selected endoparasites (Coccidia, helminths), infestation extensity and –intensity. 33 one-year-old birds came from two pheasantries from the German states of Sachsen-Anhalt and Brandenburg (capture group). The remaining 118 birds, aged between one and five years, were wildlife animals (wildlife group). They had been shot in 24 different hunting grounds in the Saalkreis-, the Merseburg-Querfurt-, the Bitterfeld-district and on the territory of the City of Halle/Saale (Sachsen-Anhalt). In all 151 pheasants, ecto- and endoparasites could be detected. All pheasants from the wildlife group and all pheasants from the pheasantry A showed an infestation with ectoparasites. Endoparasites were detected in 96.7 % (n = 146) of all 151 animals examined. All together 12 species of ectoparasites and 11 species of endoparasites were found, another 4 ectoparasites and 2 endoparasites could only be classified as far as to genus. A systematic classification of the detected tapeworm parts could not be carried out because of the poor condition of preservation. In the specimen the following 10 species/genus of mallophaga were detected: Amyrsidea perdicismegalosoma, Anaticola crassicornis crassicornis, Goniocotes chrysocephalus, Lagopoecuscolchicus, Lipeurus maculosus maculosus, Uchida phasiani, Zlotorzyckella colchiciCuclotogaster sp., Lagopoecus sp., Reticulipeurus sp.. Mallophaga of the genus of Cuclotogaster and Lagopoecus were identified in Germany for the first time, Anaticola crassicorniscrassicornis was identified in pheasants (Phasanius colchicus) for the first time worldwide. The detected parasites of the genus Cuclotogaster, Lagopoecus and Reticulipeurus could not be classified morphologically, for they might belong to new species which have not been described yet. Therefore a photographically detailed documentation was carried out. Infestation intensity in the wildlife group (low degree 43.5 %, medium degree 33 %, high degree 23.5 %) and in pheasants from the pheasantry A (low degree 43.5 %, medium degree 34.8 %, high degree 21.8 %) varies only slightly (p>0.05, χ2-test). Feather mites (Megninia ginglymura, Pseudolichus phasani) were detected in 88,7 % of the pheasants. Pseudolichus phasiani, which so far had only been described once in pheasants (Switzerland, 1997), could be detected for the second time. The pheasants in the wildlife group showed a highly significant higher infestation intensity (low degree 12.0 %, medium degree 35.9 %, high degree 52.1 %) compared to those from the pheasantry A (low degree 47.1 %, medium degree 29.4 %, high degree 23.5 %) (p<0.01, χ2-test). The quill mite Mironovia phasiani was detected in 19.5 % of the pheasants from the wildlife group, this being the first detection of the species in Europe and obviously the second description worldwide. Minimum infestation intensity with quill mites in the feathers examined was 1, maximum was 12 per pheasant. An infestation with Knemidocoptes mutans was detected for the first time in a wildlife pheasant. Signs were to be found on the toes, the tibiotarsus and around the nostrils. An affection of the nostrils so far had not been described in any host species. In 37.3 % of the pheasants from the wildlife group larvae and nymphal ticks of Ixodes ricinus could be detected. Infestation intensity varied at a median of 2 between 1 and 14 ticks per pheasant. Pheasants from the capture group showed no ticks. [Summary continues with discussion of endoparasites] 1 aGassal, Stefan uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47066.pdf