01292nas a2200193   4500008004100000245014300041210006900184260000900253300001200262490000700274520064500281653001200926653001500938653001500953100001700968700001700985700002301002856007301025       2006                        eng d00aIdentification of larval instars of the Phthirapteran Ectoparasite Campanulotes bidentatus compar (Burmeister, 1838) by the setal patterns0 aIdentification of larval instars of the Phthirapteran Ectoparasi  c2006  a86 - 900 v533 aMorphological differences between larval instars of the chewing lice Campanulotes bidentatus compar (Burmeister, 1838) based on the setal pattern of the tempora and the mesometathorax are evaluated for the reliable identification. This character complex has not been described previously for this species. Specimens of lice have been collected from the plumage of feral pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica ) from the city of Rostock (Germany). In order to determine species, sex and larval stages lice have been examined by light and by scanning electron microscopy. Additional linear measurements have been taken for the various stages.10aGermany10aIschnocera10amorphology1 aKayß, Silke1 aOhl, Michael1 aKinzelbach, Ragnar  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46640.pdf02343nas a2200145   4500008004100000245009700041210006900138260000900207300001600216490000700232520183600239100002002075700002202095856008002117       2006                        eng d00aThe role of body size in host specificity: reciprocal transfer experiments with feather lice0 arole of body size in host specificity reciprocal transfer experi  c2006  a2158 - 21670 v603 a<p>Although most parasites show at least some degree of host specificity, factors governing the evolution of specificity remain poorly understood. Many different groups of host-specific parasites show a striking correlation between parasite and host body size, suggesting that size reinforces specificity. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the relative fitness of host-specific feather lice transferred to pigeons and doves that differ in size by an order of magnitude. To test the general influence of size, we transferred unrelated groups of wing and body lice, which are specialized for different regions of the host. Lice were transferred in both directions, from a large native host species, the rock pigeon (Columba livia), to several progressively smaller hosts, and from a small native host species, the common ground dove (Columbina passerina), to several larger hosts. We measured the relative fitness (population size) of lice transferred to these novel host species after two louse generations. Neither wing lice nor body lice could survive on novel host species that were smaller in size than the native host. However, when host defense (preening behavior) was blocked, both groups survived and reproduced on all novel hosts tested. Thus, host defense interacted with host size to govern the ability of lice to establish on small hosts. Neither wing lice nor body lice could survive on larger hosts, even when preening was blocked. In summary, host size influenced the fitness of both types of feather lice, but through different mechanisms, depending on the direction of the transfer. Our results indicate that host switching is most likely between hosts of similar body size. This finding has important implications for studies of host-parasite coevolution at both the micro- and macroevolutionary scales.</p>
1 aBush, Sarah, E.1 aClayton, Dale, H.  uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46611.pdf02227nas a2200289   4500008004100000245005500041210005000096260000900146300001400155490000800169520147600177653001001653653001201663653001801675653001801693653001001711653001101721653001201732653001301744653000901757100002001766700001601786700002101802700001901823700002201842856007301864       2006                        eng d00aIs melanin a defense against feather-feeding lice?0 amelanin a defense against featherfeeding lice  c2006  a153 - 1610 v1233 a<p>The adaptive basis of plumage color has received much attention, including the finding that color can reveal information about parasite loads to potential mates. A related possibility, that color may be a direct defense against parasites, has received less attention. Melanin makes feathers tough and more resistant to wear and tear. Melanin may also make feathers more difficult for feather-feeding parasites to eat. We explored the role of melanin as a possible ectoparasite defense using Rock Pigeons (Columba livia) and their feather-feeding lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Rock Pigeons are an ideal species for such work because of the extreme variation in the feathers of different color morphs, ranging from melanin-rich black to melanin-free white individuals. We tested the effect of melanin on lice in several ways. First, we compared the natural louse loads of free-ranging pigeons to see whether the more melanistic color morphs had fewer lice. We also did laboratory assays in which we measured the survival and reproductive success of pigeon lice forced to feed on feathers with different amounts of melanin, and we compared the quantities of feather material consumed by these lice. Finally, we tested the habitat and feeding preferences of lice exposed to feathers with different amounts of melanin. None of our tests revealed any effect of melanin on lice. We conclude that melanin is not, at least in Rock Pigeons, a defense against feather lice.</p>
10acolor10aColumba10aColumbiformes10aectoparasites10alivia10aPigeon10aplumage10apreening10arock1 aBush, Sarah, E.1 aKim, Dukgun1 aMoyer, Brett, R.1 aLever, Jackson1 aClayton, Dale, H.  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46200.pdf