02651nas a2200229   4500008004100000245004200041210004200083260000900125300001400134490000800148520204800156653001202204653001702216653000902233653001502242653000802257653001202265100002802277700002102305700002302326856007202349       2000                        eng d00aUse of lice to identify Cowbird hosts0 aUse of lice to identify Cowbird hosts  c2000  a943 - 9510 v1173 a<p>Brood-parasitic nestlings have a unique opportunity to encounter host-specific lice (Phthiraptera). Lice are permanent ectoparasites found strictly on the body of the host, and they are transferred almost exclusively by bodily contact during copulation and care of young. We investigated whether Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) nestlings become infested with lice from their host parents and carry these after fledging, in effect bearing ectoparasite indicators of the species that raised them. Examining lice on cowbirds to identify foster parents would be less costly than determining parasitism patterns in the conventional way by finding many host nests. The 244 cowbird fledglings that we examined carried 11 species and 6 genera of lice, almost the entire spectrum of louse genera known from passerines. We also examined 320 songbirds from 30 species of hosts. As a group, the diversity of louse species on hosts was comparable to that on fledgling cowbirds: 13 species and 7 genera. In contrast, most individual host species yielded only one or two louse species, significantly fewer than on cowbird fledglings. Of 44 fledgling cowbirds with lice, 11 were linked with probable avian foster parents, and 18 other fledglings were linked with one of two possible foster parents. We conclude that cowbird fledglings carry away host lice and that our technique provides a partial assessment of parasitism patterns. The incomplete state of louse taxonomy requires that users of the technique obtain a reference collection of lice from host species in addition to the sample collection from cowbird fledglings. Lice from cowbird fledglings can be identified by a taxonomist and linked to particular host species, and the principal difficulty is the scarcity of skilled louse taxonomists. We also found an unusually rich louse fauna on 219 adult cowbirds, which supports the interpretation that lack of opportunity due to physical isolation has been the fundamental factor in the host specificity of lice in certain avian orders.</p>
10aecology10aectoparasite10amtax10aparasitism10aPHP10asuccess1 aHahn, D. Caldwell, D.C.1 aPrice, Roger, D.1 aOsenton, Peter, C.  uhttp://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2180.pdf01152nas a2200157   4500008004100000245007400041210006500115260000900180300001400189490000700203520066700210653000900877653000800886100002100894856007900915       1977                        eng d00aThe Menacanthus (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) of the Passeriformes (Aves)0 aMenacanthus Mallophaga Menoponidae of the Passeriformes Aves  c1977  a207 - 2200 v143 a<p>Twenty-eight species of Menacanthus are recognized, discussed, and keyed. These include 7 new species with the following type-hosts : M. stumellae from Stumella magna, M. quiscali from Quiscalus quiscula, M. tyranni from Tyannus verticalis, M. obsoleti from Salpictes obsoletus, M. aedonis from Troglodytes aedon, M. dendroicae from Dendroica discolor, and M. geothlypis from Geothlypis trichas. There are 23 new synonymies and 6 names listed as nomina dubia. Neotypes are erected for Pediculus curuccae Schrank and Menopon pusillum Nitzsch ; lectotypes are designated for Colpocephalum chrysophaeum Kellogg and Menopon distinctum Kellogg &amp; Chapman.</p>
10amtax10aPHP1 aPrice, Roger, D.  uhttps://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0808.pdf