TY - JOUR T1 - Top 10 head lice concerns JF - SkinMed Y1 - 2006 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 269 EP - 270 VL - 5 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-9740.2006.05852.x/abstract IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Head lice therapies revisited JF - Journal of Dermatology Y1 - 2006 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 3 VL - 12 UR - http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5dz638vq IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Ectoparasitic diseases in dermatology: reassessment of scabies and pediculosis JF - Advances in DermatologyAdvances in Dermatology Y1 - 1999 A1 - Meinking,Terri Lynn A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 67 EP - 108 VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Head louse infestations: the “no nit” policy and its consequences JF - International Journal of Dermatology Y1 - 2006 A1 - Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu A1 - Meinking,Terri A. A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 891 EP - 896 AB -

Health authorities in the USA, Canada and Australia recommend a “no nit” policy, i.e. theimmediate dismissal of all children who have head lice, eggs and/or nits on their hair from school, camp or child-care settings. These children would be readmitted to the institution only when all head lice, eggs and nits have been removed. The “no nit” policy assumes that all nits seen when examining the scalp are viable and therefore the infested individual should be treated for lice, and all nits must be removed from the scalp. However, it has been repeatedly shown that only a small number of children who have nits on their scalp are also infested with living lice. Accordingly, in the USA alone 4–8 million children are treated unnecessarily for head lice annually, which amounts to 64% of all lice treatments. In addition, 12–24 million school days are lost annually. The annual economic loss owing to missed workdays by parents who have to stay home with their children adds US$4–8 billion to the country’s economy. The policy also results in serious psychological problems for children and their parents. Therefore, the “no nit” policy should be abandoned and alternative ways of examination and treatment for head lice should be found.

VL - 45 UR - http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46305.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Asphyxiation of lice with topical agents, not a reality...yet JF - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology Y1 - 2006 DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1040 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 721 EP - 722 VL - 54 UR - http://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(05)04568-8/abstract IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The adherent cylindrical nit structure and its chemical denaturation in vitro: an assessment with therapeutic implications for head lice JF - Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Y1 - 1998 DO - doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.7.711 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Pchalek,I. A1 - Arbogast,J. SP - 711 EP - 712 KW - animals KW - Lice Infestations/therapy KW - Ovum/drug effects KW - Pediculus KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't AB -

Pediculus humanus capitis is the insect responsible for head lice. During the female louse's 30-day lifespan, she lays approximately 10 eggs per day and attaches each of them with a gluelike, waterproof substance to human hair, 1 mm from the scalp. Larvae emerge 8 to 10 days later from these nits, or eggs, which remain firmly attached to hair.No topical agent has been shown to be 100% ovicidal.1 The existence of any nits, a major aspect of lice infestations, signifies the potential that this contagious malady may still be present. Many schools, therefore, adhere to a "no-nit" policy before children can reenter the classroom after infestation, thereby imposing prolonged absenteeism. Insecticides fail to kill all nits and larvae because they act on the insects' central nervous systems, which are not fully developed in the first 4 days of the insects' existence. Several products, namely, Clear lice egg remover gel (Care Technologies, Greenwich, Conn), Step 2 (Genderm, Lincolnshire, Ill), and a 50/50 mixture of vinegar and water, have been suggested as beneficial in nit removal. However, no clinical benefit has been documented in the medical literature.2

CY - UNITED STATES VL - 152 SN - 1072-4710 UR - https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/189651 IS - 7 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 9422751; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - School nurses' perceptions of and experiences with head lice JF - Journal of School Health Y1 - 1999 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb04174.x A1 - Price,J. H. A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Islam,R. SP - 153 EP - 158 KW - adult KW - Analysis of Variance KW - animals KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - child KW - Child, Preschool KW - humans KW - Lice Infestations/nursing/prevention & control KW - Middle Aged KW - Organizational Policy KW - Pediculus KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't KW - scalp dermatoses KW - School Nursing KW - Self Efficacy KW - U.S.A. AB -

Researchers examined school nurses' perceptions of head lice, perceived self-efficacy in dealing with head lice, and personal experience in reducing head lice problems. Survey data from a two-wave mailing from 382 school nurses found most nurses supported a "no-nit" rule of forced absenteeism of any child with nits in their hair (60%). They perceived OTC treatments for head lice as very effective in killing adult lice (66%), and 9% perceived them as not effective. Nurses had a high efficacy expectation regarding their ability to control head lice (63%), and they had high outcome expectations regarding the results of their work with students and families of students (66%). Most nurses received their information about head lice from professional journals (76%) and professional conferences/conventions (62%).

VL - 69 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb04174.x IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Molecular composition of the louse sheath JF - Journal of Parasitology Y1 - 1999 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Stankiewicz,B. A. A1 - Pchalek,I. A1 - Kruge,M. A. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 559 EP - 561 KW - Amino Acids KW - animals KW - Fatty Acids/analysis KW - Insect proteins KW - Mass Fragmentography KW - Pediculus KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't AB -

Flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to assess the chemical composition of the head louse's nit sheath. The pyrolyzate of the female insect's secretions, which form a cement-like cylinder holding the egg onto the hair, is dominated by amino acid derivatives and fatty acids. No chitin-specific compounds were detected in the sheath. These results, contrary to previous reports, show that the polymeric complex of the sheath is composed of proteinaceous moieties, possibly cross-linked to aliphatic components. This study constitutes the first chemical characterization of the pyrolysis products of insect (louse) glue and unequivocally confirms that louse sheaths are not chitinous, as suggested by earlier histochemical studies. Development of agents that might loosen nits from the hair shaft is dependent on research that addresses the chemical composition of the nit sheath.

VL - 85 UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3285796.pdf IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Histochemical analysis of the nit of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) JF - Journal of Medical Entomology Y1 - 1999 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Arbogast,J. A1 - Smythe,P. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 530 EP - 532 KW - animals KW - humans KW - Lice Infestations/parasitology KW - Ovum/ultrastructure KW - Pediculus AB -

Histochemical stainings of head louse nits were performed and observations indicated that the nit sheath was nonchitinous. One discernable membrane composed of hyaluronic acid was established that encircled the larvae within the egg. The structural framework of the egg included a definite lattice around each aeropyle of the operculum, through which oxygen exchange occurred.

VL - 36 UR - http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45061.pdf IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scanning electron microscopy of human head louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae) egg and its clinical ramifications JF - Journal of Medical Entomology Y1 - 1999 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Gunning,W. T. A1 - Arbogast,J. SP - 454 EP - 456 KW - animals KW - humans KW - Microscopy, Electron, Scanning KW - Ovum/ultrastructure KW - Pediculus KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't KW - scalp dermatoses AB - Pediculosis affects more elementary school students than all other communicable childhood diseases combined, excluding the common cold. The current study using scanning electron microscopy visualized operculums through which developing embryos received oxygen, as well as fracture lines within the adherent sheath by which the egg is attached to the hair. Using microscopic techniques, including freeze-fracturing, the mode of attachment of the sheath to the hair follicle was observed, in addition to the existence of several inner membranes enclosing the embryo within the egg structure. The chemical nature of the sheath is also analyzed using electron dispersive x-ray analysis. CY - UNITED STATES VL - 36 SN - 0022-2585 IS - 4 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 0375400; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Oral ivermectin therapy for phthiriasis palpebrum JF - Archives of Ophthalmology Y1 - 2000 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 134 EP - 135 KW - Administration, Oral KW - animals KW - anthelmintic KW - child KW - Child, Preschool KW - Eyelashes KW - hair KW - humans KW - Ivermectin/therapeutic use KW - Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology KW - Pthirus CY - UNITED STATES VL - 118 SN - 0003-9950 IS - 1 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 7706534; 0 (Anthelmintics); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scanning electron microscopic examination of the egg of the pubic louse (Anoplura: Pthirus pubis) JF - International journal of dermatology Y1 - 2000 DO - https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00901.x A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Gunning,W. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 201 EP - 202 KW - animals KW - Anoplura KW - humans KW - Microscopy, Electron, Scanning KW - Ovum/ultrastructure AB -

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the eggs of pubic lice with consideration of their clinical relevance. STUDY DESIGN: Pubic lice eggs were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The egg is totally encased by a proteinaceous sheath, except for the operculum, by which oxygen exchange occurs. CONCLUSION: Pubic lice have proved resilient to human therapies through the ages. The anatomical target of topical insecticides for ovicidal kill is the operculum and the protective layers that surround the developing embryo. More research into these structures is warranted.

CY - UNITED STATES VL - 39 SN - 0011-9059 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00901.x IS - 3 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical evidence of lice resistance to over-the-counter products JF - Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery Y1 - 2000 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 199 EP - 201 KW - animals KW - child KW - Drug Combinations KW - Drug Resistance, Microbial KW - humans KW - insecticide KW - Lice Infestations/drug therapy KW - Pediculus KW - Permethrin KW - Piperonyl Butoxide KW - Pyrethrum KW - scalp dermatoses KW - Treatment Failure AB -

BACKGROUND: Over-the-counter insecticidal solutions continue to be the mainstream treatment for most cases of head lice. Recorded insecticidal activity 15 years ago was at 100%, with ovicidal kill at 80%. Recently scattered accounts of possible resistance have surfaced. OBJECTIVE: This article is to document the general consensus that head lice are becoming resistant to standard over-the-counter therapies. METHODS: Direct testing of lethality of adult lice with permethrin and pyrethroid was assessed. RESULTS: Present over-the-counter products proved to be successful in only 9 of 32 head lice tested (28% insecticidal activity). CONCLUSIONS: Our series of cases further documents that over-the-counter head lice preparations no longer achieve high levels of insecticidal activity, suggesting increased resistance to these insecticides.

VL - 4 UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/120347540000400405 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scanning electron microscopy of adult head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) with focus on clinical implications JF - Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery Y1 - 2000 DO - DOI: 10.1177/120347540000400402 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Gunning,W. T. SP - 181 EP - 185 KW - animals KW - humans KW - Microscopy, Electron, Scanning KW - Pediculus KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't AB -

BACKGROUND: The incidence of head lice infestations in North America is escalating with an estimated 12 million cases of head lice per year despite the existence of insecticidal therapies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate certain characteristics of the human head louse, including their chitinous structure, nymphal developmental stages, legs with claw adaptations, antennae with sensory perceptions, and spiracles by which oxygen exchange occurs, for assessment of possible means to control the spread and growth of this insect. METHODS: Scanning electron-microscopic examination of head lice was performed. RESULTS: Newer treatments of head lice must acknowledge defense mechanisms that are based on anatomic structure and physiologic characteristics, details of louse transmission, and the insects' ability to 'resurrect' after sham death. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of lice entomology is essential in the pursuit of novel means to control the lice epidemic.

CY - Canada VL - 4 SN - 1203-4754 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12100953_Scanning_electron_microscopy_of_adult_head_lice_Pediculus_humanus_capitis_with_focus_on_clinical_implications IS - 4 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 9614685; 1999/12/15 [received]; 2000/03/06 [accepted]; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The route of head lice transmission needs enlightenment for proper epidemiologic evaluations JF - International journal of dermatology Y1 - 2000 DO - https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00914-6.x A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 878 EP - 879 KW - animals KW - Australia KW - child KW - Child, Preschool KW - humans KW - Lice Infestations/epidemiology/transmission KW - Pediculus KW - scalp dermatoses CY - UNITED STATES VL - 39 SN - 0011-9059 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00914-6.x IS - 11 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; CIN: Int J Dermatol. 2000 Nov;39(11):877-8. PMID: 11123459; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Recommendation to standardize pediculicidal and ovicidal testing for head lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae) JF - Journal of Medical Entomology Y1 - 2001 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 127 EP - 129 KW - animals KW - humans KW - Insect Control KW - insecticide KW - Lice Infestations/epidemiology/prevention & control KW - Ovum KW - Pediculus AB -

Pediculosis capitis is a prevalent and highly communicable condition infesting millions of elementary school students annually. Topical insecticides are the present standard treatment for this condition. Because resistance of head lice to insecticides is a growing concern, assessment of efficacy of pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of the various agents is needed for public health interests. Given the number of anecdotal and market-driven reported studies, assessment of topical lice therapies requires standardized testing. Evaluations based on adaptations of World Health Organization guidelines are not ideal, whereas a protocol reflecting clinical exposure to insecticides is preferable.

CY - United States VL - 38 SN - 0022-2585 UR - http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44934.pdf IS - 2 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 0375400; 0 (Insecticides); ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Head lice JF - New England Journal of Medicine Y1 - 2002 A1 - Meinking,Terri Lynn A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 1381 EP - 1382 KW - animals KW - humans KW - insecticide KW - Lice Infestations/drug therapy/transmission KW - Malathion KW - Pediculus KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't KW - scalp dermatoses KW - U.S.A. VL - 347 IS - 17 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Relationship of treatment-resistant head lice to the safety and efficacy of pediculicides JF - Mayo Clinic Proceedings Y1 - 2004 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 661 EP - 666 KW - animals KW - humans KW - insecticide KW - Lice Infestations/drug therapy KW - Lindane/adverse effects/therapeutic use KW - Malathion KW - Pediculus KW - Permethrin KW - Pyrethrum KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't KW - scalp dermatoses KW - Treatment Outcome AB -

Head lice infestation is a common and growing problem that primarily affects school-aged children. Most cases of head lice are diagnosed and treated by nonphysicians. Misdiagnosis may lead to treatment when no lice are present. Treatment failure may lead to repeated use of and improperly applied pediculicides, potentially resulting in overexposure to pesticides. These treatment failures are primarily due to the emergence of treatment-resistant lice. In regions where resistant lice are common, patients may self-treat numerous times with over-the-counter pediculicides before seeking treatment from a physician. Resistance has decreased the efficacy of lindane, a prescription pediculicide that has been used for decades. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration recently warned of potentially serious adverse effects associated with lindane and recommended strict controls for its use. Malathion, recently reintroduced in the United States as a prescription pediculicide, has not been associated with treatment resistance or notable adverse effects, although it is flammable due to its alcohol base. Because of concerns about decreasing efficacy due to resistance and safety concerns about over-the-counter products and some prescription pediculicides, a reassessment of pediculicide safety is warranted. The safety and efficacy of commonly used over-the-counter and prescription pediculicide products are discussed, along with the safety and efficacy of other treatments, such as ivermectin, that are not indicated for the treatment of head lice but are being used increasingly.

CY - United States VL - 79 SN - 0025-6196 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299160332_Relationship_of_treatment-resistant_head_lice_to_the_safety_and_efficacy_of_pediculicides IS - 5 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 0405543; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 58-89-9 (Lindane); RF: 33; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Head lice revisited: in vitro standardized tests and differences in malathion formulations JF - Archives of Dermatology Y1 - 2004 DO - doi:10.1001/archderm.140.4.488 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 488 EP - 489 KW - animals KW - Drug Resistance, Microbial KW - humans KW - In Vitro KW - incidence KW - Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology KW - Malathion KW - Microbial Sensitivity Tests KW - Pediculus KW - Recurrence KW - Risk Assessment KW - scalp AB -

The recent article "Permethrin-Resistant Human Head Lice, Pediculus capitis, and Their Treatment" by Yoon and colleagues1 contained valuable information and data, including assessment of knockdown resistance by DNA sequencing. Indeed, the study of insect control is entering a genomic era. For example, I have been investigating 2 features of the head louse that may act as targets for future treatments, namely, the bacterial symbionts within head lice (with 16S rRNA sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analysis) and the glue extruded from the louse (which after deposition upon the hair shafts, oxidizes within seconds and becomes the nit sheath).2 In terms of the sheath, it is composed of 4 major bands of protein with some cross-linking to aliphatic components.2

CY - United States VL - 140 SN - 0003-987X UR - https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/480391 IS - 4 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 0372433; 121-75-5 (Malathion); CON: Arch Dermatol. 2003 Aug;139(8):994-1000. PMID: 12925385; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Oral ivermectin for Phthirus pubis JF - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology Y1 - 2004 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 1037; author reply 1037 EP - 8 KW - Administration, Oral KW - Administration, Topical KW - Body Weight KW - Drug Administration Schedule KW - humans KW - insecticide KW - Insecticide resistance KW - Ivermectin/administration & dosage KW - Lice Infestations/drug therapy KW - Permethrin KW - Pthirus CY - United States VL - 51 SN - 1097-6787 IS - 6 N1 - JID: 7907132; 0 (Insecticides); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); CON: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 Jan;50(1):1-12; quiz 13-4. PMID: 14699358; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A dermatologist's response to the American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines on Head Lice JF - Journal of Drugs for Dermatology Y1 - 2005 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 14 EP - 15 KW - animals KW - Drugs, Non-Prescription KW - Guidelines KW - humans KW - insecticide KW - Insecticide resistance KW - Pediculus KW - Pyrethrum KW - schools KW - Societies, Medical KW - U.S.A. VL - 4 SN - 1545-9616 UR - http://www.headlice.org/news/2005/dermatologistresponse.htm IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Head lice: scientific assessment of the nit sheath with clinical ramifications and therapeutic options JF - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology Y1 - 2005 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 129 EP - 133 AB - Head lice, like many insects, produce a protective coating for their newly laid eggs that is essential to the survival of the species. Knowledge of the composition of the sheath, which is the glue by which the egg is attached to human hair, and the nit laying process could lead to production of agents that could be used to attack louse infestations by interfering with the normally protected environment of nymph development within the egg. The physical removal of nits has become an important part of treatment of head louse infestations given the "no-nit" policy in schools. Biochemical analysis has revealed that the nit sheath of the head louse is composed of 4 bands of protein, possibly cross-linked to aliphatic components with a tertiary structure of beta sheeting. Nature has protected the louse by making the nit sheath similar in composition to the hair; thereby, agents designed to unravel the nit sheath may also damage human hair. Possible targets to destroy the nit sheath include proteases, denaturants, beta sheet breaker proteins, and small protein inhibitors of sheath formation. Better understanding of insect glues may allow us to develop compounds so that the liquid secretions of the collateral glands of the female louse, which becomes the nit sheath, do not solidify by oxidation when placed with the louse egg onto human hair. Knowledge of insect behavior, such as oviposition, may also suggest methods for repelling female lice from laying eggs onto hair. Alternatively, agents that coat the nits and restrict the oxygen transfer to the developing larvae may prove beneficial. VL - 53 SN - 1097-6787 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Head lice JF - Cutis Y1 - 1999 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 314B KW - Pediculosis VL - 64 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Another look at ivermectin in the treatment of scabies and head lice JF - International Journal of Dermatology Y1 - 1999 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 235 KW - Pediculosis VL - 38 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An assessment of topical and oral prescription and over-the- counter treatments for head lice JF - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology Y1 - 1998 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Burkhart,K. M. SP - 979 EP - 982 KW - clinical KW - Control KW - efficacy KW - Ivermectin KW - Pediculosis capitis KW - Pediculus KW - Scabies KW - therapy AB - A plethora of head lice cases that require optimal therapeutic assessments are developing in elementary schools. Over-the- counter therapies continue to be the mainstream solution for most cases of pediculosis capitis, but the onset of resistant cases dictates a review of available treatment modalities. The increased efficacy of prescription drugs, namely topical 5% permethrin and oral ivermectin, underline the expanding role that physicians will serve in the eradication of head lice in our communities. VL - 38 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Head lice therapy revisited JF - Clinical Pediatrics Y1 - 1998 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Arbogast,J. SP - 395 KW - clinical KW - Control KW - Pediculus VL - 37 UR - https://search.proquest.com/openview/e5066f11b48d364ccb2d0e39002262a6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=42114 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Update on therapy: Ivermectin is available for use against lice JF - Infections in Medicine Y1 - 1997 A1 - Burkhart,K. M. A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 689 EP - 689 KW - clinical KW - ectoparasite KW - efficacy KW - Pediculus KW - Scabies VL - 14 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Physicians should treat head lice JF - Infections in Medicine Y1 - 1999 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 97 EP - 97 KW - clinical KW - Control KW - Ivermectin KW - lice KW - Pediculus KW - Permethrin AB - Physicians can play a key role in eliminating the epidemic of head lice. VL - 16 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Use of topical nicotine for treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anaplura : Pediculidae) JF - Journal of Medical Entomology Y1 - 2000 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 170 EP - 171 KW - capitis KW - clinical KW - Control KW - head KW - humanus KW - lice KW - nicotine KW - Pediculus AB -

Head lice are caused by the host-specific, ectoparasitic insect Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer and remain a common human infestation. As a response to increasing; resistance of head lice to present insecticidal agents, additional agents must be pursued. Inasmuch as nicotine has been used for controlling poultry lice, an in vitro study assessing its possible usage for human head lice was performed. Nicotine proved not to be an efficient insecticide, although it may facilitate removal of adult lice because it induces muscle twitches that may affect the insect's normal grip on hair follicles.

VL - 37 UR - http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37882.pdf IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Return of the silent merengue: the crab louse JF - Infections in Medicine Y1 - 1999 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 182 EP - 182 KW - clinical KW - Pthirus KW - Pthirus pubis VL - 16 IS - 3 N1 - 178GT INFECT MED ER -