TY - JOUR T1 - School nurses' perceptions of and experiences with head lice JF - Journal of School Health Y1 - 1999 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb04174.x A1 - Price,J. H. A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Islam,R. SP - 153 EP - 158 KW - adult KW - Analysis of Variance KW - animals KW - Attitude of Health Personnel KW - child KW - Child, Preschool KW - humans KW - Lice Infestations/nursing/prevention & control KW - Middle Aged KW - Organizational Policy KW - Pediculus KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't KW - scalp dermatoses KW - School Nursing KW - Self Efficacy KW - U.S.A. AB -

Researchers examined school nurses' perceptions of head lice, perceived self-efficacy in dealing with head lice, and personal experience in reducing head lice problems. Survey data from a two-wave mailing from 382 school nurses found most nurses supported a "no-nit" rule of forced absenteeism of any child with nits in their hair (60%). They perceived OTC treatments for head lice as very effective in killing adult lice (66%), and 9% perceived them as not effective. Nurses had a high efficacy expectation regarding their ability to control head lice (63%), and they had high outcome expectations regarding the results of their work with students and families of students (66%). Most nurses received their information about head lice from professional journals (76%) and professional conferences/conventions (62%).

VL - 69 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb04174.x IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Histochemical analysis of the nit of Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) JF - Journal of Medical Entomology Y1 - 1999 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Arbogast,J. A1 - Smythe,P. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 530 EP - 532 KW - animals KW - humans KW - Lice Infestations/parasitology KW - Ovum/ultrastructure KW - Pediculus AB -

Histochemical stainings of head louse nits were performed and observations indicated that the nit sheath was nonchitinous. One discernable membrane composed of hyaluronic acid was established that encircled the larvae within the egg. The structural framework of the egg included a definite lattice around each aeropyle of the operculum, through which oxygen exchange occurred.

VL - 36 UR - http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45061.pdf IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scanning electron microscopy of human head louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae) egg and its clinical ramifications JF - Journal of Medical Entomology Y1 - 1999 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Gunning,W. T. A1 - Arbogast,J. SP - 454 EP - 456 KW - animals KW - humans KW - Microscopy, Electron, Scanning KW - Ovum/ultrastructure KW - Pediculus KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't KW - scalp dermatoses AB - Pediculosis affects more elementary school students than all other communicable childhood diseases combined, excluding the common cold. The current study using scanning electron microscopy visualized operculums through which developing embryos received oxygen, as well as fracture lines within the adherent sheath by which the egg is attached to the hair. Using microscopic techniques, including freeze-fracturing, the mode of attachment of the sheath to the hair follicle was observed, in addition to the existence of several inner membranes enclosing the embryo within the egg structure. The chemical nature of the sheath is also analyzed using electron dispersive x-ray analysis. CY - UNITED STATES VL - 36 SN - 0022-2585 IS - 4 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 0375400; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Oral ivermectin therapy for phthiriasis palpebrum JF - Archives of Ophthalmology Y1 - 2000 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 134 EP - 135 KW - Administration, Oral KW - animals KW - anthelmintic KW - child KW - Child, Preschool KW - Eyelashes KW - hair KW - humans KW - Ivermectin/therapeutic use KW - Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology KW - Pthirus CY - UNITED STATES VL - 118 SN - 0003-9950 IS - 1 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 7706534; 0 (Anthelmintics); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scanning electron microscopic examination of the egg of the pubic louse (Anoplura: Pthirus pubis) JF - International journal of dermatology Y1 - 2000 DO - https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00901.x A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Gunning,W. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 201 EP - 202 KW - animals KW - Anoplura KW - humans KW - Microscopy, Electron, Scanning KW - Ovum/ultrastructure AB -

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the eggs of pubic lice with consideration of their clinical relevance. STUDY DESIGN: Pubic lice eggs were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The egg is totally encased by a proteinaceous sheath, except for the operculum, by which oxygen exchange occurs. CONCLUSION: Pubic lice have proved resilient to human therapies through the ages. The anatomical target of topical insecticides for ovicidal kill is the operculum and the protective layers that surround the developing embryo. More research into these structures is warranted.

CY - UNITED STATES VL - 39 SN - 0011-9059 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00901.x IS - 3 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Clinical evidence of lice resistance to over-the-counter products JF - Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery Y1 - 2000 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 199 EP - 201 KW - animals KW - child KW - Drug Combinations KW - Drug Resistance, Microbial KW - humans KW - insecticide KW - Lice Infestations/drug therapy KW - Pediculus KW - Permethrin KW - Piperonyl Butoxide KW - Pyrethrum KW - scalp dermatoses KW - Treatment Failure AB -

BACKGROUND: Over-the-counter insecticidal solutions continue to be the mainstream treatment for most cases of head lice. Recorded insecticidal activity 15 years ago was at 100%, with ovicidal kill at 80%. Recently scattered accounts of possible resistance have surfaced. OBJECTIVE: This article is to document the general consensus that head lice are becoming resistant to standard over-the-counter therapies. METHODS: Direct testing of lethality of adult lice with permethrin and pyrethroid was assessed. RESULTS: Present over-the-counter products proved to be successful in only 9 of 32 head lice tested (28% insecticidal activity). CONCLUSIONS: Our series of cases further documents that over-the-counter head lice preparations no longer achieve high levels of insecticidal activity, suggesting increased resistance to these insecticides.

VL - 4 UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/120347540000400405 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Scanning electron microscopy of adult head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) with focus on clinical implications JF - Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery Y1 - 2000 DO - DOI: 10.1177/120347540000400402 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Gunning,W. T. SP - 181 EP - 185 KW - animals KW - humans KW - Microscopy, Electron, Scanning KW - Pediculus KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't AB -

BACKGROUND: The incidence of head lice infestations in North America is escalating with an estimated 12 million cases of head lice per year despite the existence of insecticidal therapies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate certain characteristics of the human head louse, including their chitinous structure, nymphal developmental stages, legs with claw adaptations, antennae with sensory perceptions, and spiracles by which oxygen exchange occurs, for assessment of possible means to control the spread and growth of this insect. METHODS: Scanning electron-microscopic examination of head lice was performed. RESULTS: Newer treatments of head lice must acknowledge defense mechanisms that are based on anatomic structure and physiologic characteristics, details of louse transmission, and the insects' ability to 'resurrect' after sham death. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of lice entomology is essential in the pursuit of novel means to control the lice epidemic.

CY - Canada VL - 4 SN - 1203-4754 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12100953_Scanning_electron_microscopy_of_adult_head_lice_Pediculus_humanus_capitis_with_focus_on_clinical_implications IS - 4 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 9614685; 1999/12/15 [received]; 2000/03/06 [accepted]; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The route of head lice transmission needs enlightenment for proper epidemiologic evaluations JF - International journal of dermatology Y1 - 2000 DO - https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00914-6.x A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 878 EP - 879 KW - animals KW - Australia KW - child KW - Child, Preschool KW - humans KW - Lice Infestations/epidemiology/transmission KW - Pediculus KW - scalp dermatoses CY - UNITED STATES VL - 39 SN - 0011-9059 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00914-6.x IS - 11 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; CIN: Int J Dermatol. 2000 Nov;39(11):877-8. PMID: 11123459; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Recommendation to standardize pediculicidal and ovicidal testing for head lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae) JF - Journal of Medical Entomology Y1 - 2001 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 127 EP - 129 KW - animals KW - humans KW - Insect Control KW - insecticide KW - Lice Infestations/epidemiology/prevention & control KW - Ovum KW - Pediculus AB -

Pediculosis capitis is a prevalent and highly communicable condition infesting millions of elementary school students annually. Topical insecticides are the present standard treatment for this condition. Because resistance of head lice to insecticides is a growing concern, assessment of efficacy of pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of the various agents is needed for public health interests. Given the number of anecdotal and market-driven reported studies, assessment of topical lice therapies requires standardized testing. Evaluations based on adaptations of World Health Organization guidelines are not ideal, whereas a protocol reflecting clinical exposure to insecticides is preferable.

CY - United States VL - 38 SN - 0022-2585 UR - http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44934.pdf IS - 2 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 0375400; 0 (Insecticides); ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Head lice JF - New England Journal of Medicine Y1 - 2002 A1 - Meinking,Terri Lynn A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 1381 EP - 1382 KW - animals KW - humans KW - insecticide KW - Lice Infestations/drug therapy/transmission KW - Malathion KW - Pediculus KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't KW - scalp dermatoses KW - U.S.A. VL - 347 IS - 17 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Fomite transmission with head lice: a continuing controversy JF - Lancet Y1 - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12243-X A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 99 EP - 100 KW - animals KW - humans KW - Lice Infestations/transmission KW - Pediculus AB -

There is controversy about the mode of transmission of head lice, although there is agreement that physical contact of one head to another's scalp can pass the infestation. The disagreement concerns the role of fomite transmission, as there has been little experimental work on this question (a fomite is an object that can harbour a pathogenic organism). Nevertheless there is abundant evidence to suggest that fomite transmission must be significant. In this respect, the recent report by D Canyon and colleagues1 is important.

CY - England VL - 361 SN - 0140-6736 UR - http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)12243-X/fulltext IS - 9352 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 2985213R; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Head lice revisited: in vitro standardized tests and differences in malathion formulations JF - Archives of Dermatology Y1 - 2004 DO - doi:10.1001/archderm.140.4.488 A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. A1 - Craig G. Burkhart SP - 488 EP - 489 KW - animals KW - Drug Resistance, Microbial KW - humans KW - In Vitro KW - incidence KW - Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology KW - Malathion KW - Microbial Sensitivity Tests KW - Pediculus KW - Recurrence KW - Risk Assessment KW - scalp AB -

The recent article "Permethrin-Resistant Human Head Lice, Pediculus capitis, and Their Treatment" by Yoon and colleagues1 contained valuable information and data, including assessment of knockdown resistance by DNA sequencing. Indeed, the study of insect control is entering a genomic era. For example, I have been investigating 2 features of the head louse that may act as targets for future treatments, namely, the bacterial symbionts within head lice (with 16S rRNA sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analysis) and the glue extruded from the louse (which after deposition upon the hair shafts, oxidizes within seconds and becomes the nit sheath).2 In terms of the sheath, it is composed of 4 major bands of protein with some cross-linking to aliphatic components.2

CY - United States VL - 140 SN - 0003-987X UR - https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/480391 IS - 4 N1 - LR: 20041117; JID: 0372433; 121-75-5 (Malathion); CON: Arch Dermatol. 2003 Aug;139(8):994-1000. PMID: 12925385; ppublish ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Oral ivermectin for Phthirus pubis JF - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology Y1 - 2004 A1 - Craig G. Burkhart A1 - Burkhart,Craig N. SP - 1037; author reply 1037 EP - 8 KW - Administration, Oral KW - Administration, Topical KW - Body Weight KW - Drug Administration Schedule KW - humans KW - insecticide KW - Insecticide resistance KW - Ivermectin/administration & dosage KW - Lice Infestations/drug therapy KW - Permethrin KW - Pthirus CY - United States VL - 51 SN - 1097-6787 IS - 6 N1 - JID: 7907132; 0 (Insecticides); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); CON: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 Jan;50(1):1-12; quiz 13-4. PMID: 14699358; ppublish ER -