TY - JOUR T1 - Ectoparasites of dogs in home environments on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica JF - Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária Y1 - 2012 DO - 10.1590/s1984-29612012000200021 A1 - Adriana Troyo A1 - Calderón-Arguedas,Olger A1 - Gilbert Alvarado A1 - Luis E. Vargas-Castro A1 - Adrián Avendaño SP - 179 EP - 183 KW - Costa Rica KW - Domestic dogs KW - Ixodida KW - Pulex simulans KW - Siphonaptera AB -

Reports on ectoparasites on dogs in Central America are scarce. The aim of this study was to identify flea, louse and tick species infesting dogs in home environments on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica, and determine their frequency and coexistence. Ectoparasites were collected from dogs in 83 rural homes at five study sites. Specimens were identified and separated according to species. Fleas were the most common ectoparasite (G = 22,217, DF = 8, p = 0.004). Ctenocephalides felis and Pulex simulans were found in 83% and 55% of the homes with ectoparasites, respectively. Trichodectes canis (13%), Heterodoxus spiniger (10%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (18%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (5%) and Amblyomma ovale (8%) were also present. More than one species was collected in most cases (66%), and the most common combination was C. felis and P. simulans (59% of homes with fleas). The high frequency of P. simulans emphasizes the need for adequate identification. This was the first study involving different ectoparasites of dogs in Costa Rica, as well as the first report of T. canis in this country. The relative frequency and coexistence of these ectoparasites in the home environment may have implications for animal and human health.

Portuguese title: Ectoparasitos de cães no ambiente doméstico da vertente Caribe, Costa Rica

Resumo

Relatos de ectoparasitos em cães da América Central são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar espécies de
pulgas, piolhos e carrapatos que infestam os cães no ambiente doméstico da vertente Caribe da Costa Rica, determinando
sua frequência e coexistência. Foram coletados ectoparasitos de cães em 83 casas rurais de cinco sítios do estudo. Os
indivíduos foram separados e identificados. Os ectoparasitos mais comuns foram as pulgas (G = 22.217, DF = 8,
p = 0.004). Ctenocephalides felis e Pulex simulans foram observados em 83% e 55% das moradias com ectoparasitos,
respectivamente. Da mesma forma também foram observados Trichodectes canis (13%), Heterodoxus spiniger (10%),
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (18%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (5%) e Amblyomma ovale (8%). Na maioria dos
casos, mais de uma espécie foi achada (66%), sendo que a combinação mais comum foi C. felis e P. simulans (59%
de moradias com pulgas). A frequência alta de P. simulans ressalta a necessidade de sua adequada identificação. Este
é o primeiro estudo que envolve diferentes ectoparasitas de cães na Costa Rica, da mesma forma, é o primeiro relato
de T. canis no país. A frequência relativa e coexistência destes ectoparasitos no ambiente domiciliar poderiam ter
implicações na saúde animal e humana.


Palavras chave: Cães domésticos, Pulex simulans, Ixodida, Siphonaptera, Phthiraptera, Costa Rica.

VL - 21 UR - https://www.scielo.br/j/rbpv/a/ybWjpCDYKnTGqQKJjzSbyTQ/?lang=en IS - 2 JO - Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Tracking the origins of lice, haemosporidian parasites and feather mites of the Galápagos flycatcher (Myiarchus magnirostris) JF - Journal of Biogeography Y1 - 2013 DO - 10.1111/jbi.12059 A1 - Eloisa H.R. Sari A1 - Klompen, Hans A1 - Patricia G. Parker SP - 1082 EP - 1093 KW - Costa Rica KW - feather mites KW - Galagapos KW - Haemosporida KW - island biogeography KW - island colonization AB -

Aim:To discover the origins of the lice, haemosporidian parasites and feather mites found on or in Galápagos flycatchers (Myiarchus magnirostris), by testing whether they colonized the islands with the ancestors of M. magnirostris or if they were acquired by M. magnirostris after its arrival in the Galápagos Islands.

Location: The Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) and north‐western Costa Rica.

Methods: We collected lice, feather mites and blood samples from M. magnirostris on seven of the Galápagos Islands (n = 254), and from its continental sister species, M. tyrannulus, in Costa Rica (n = 74), and identified them to species level using traditional taxonomy and DNA sequencing.


Results:The blood parasites from the two bird species were different: Plasmodium was found only in M. tyrannulus, while a few individuals of M. magnirostris were infected by Haemoproteus multipigmentatus from Galápagos doves (Zenaida galapagoensis). Myiarchus tyrannulus was parasitized by three louse species, two of which (Ricinus marginatus and Menacanthus distinctus) were also found on Myiarchus magnirostris. We also collected one louse specimen from M. magnirostris, which was identified as Brueelia interposita, a species commonly found on finches and yellow warblers from the Galápagos, but never recorded on M. tyrannulus. The richness of mite species was lower for M. magnirostris than for M. tyrannulus; all mite species or genera from M. magnirostris were also sampled on M. tyrannulus, but M. tyrannulus had two additional mite species.

Main conclusions: Our results revealed that two of the louse and three of the mite species we found on M. magnirostris are likely to have come to the archipelago with these birds’ colonizing ancestors, but that one louse and one haemosporidian species were acquired from the Galápagos bird community after the arrival of the M. magnirostris lineage. We also confirmed that, for closely related hosts, island mite richness was lower than on the continent.

VL - 40 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jbi.12059 IS - 6 JO - J. Biogeogr. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Backyard Chicken Flocks Pose a Disease Risk for Neotropic Birds in Costa Rica JF - Avian Diseases Y1 - 2008 DO - 10.1637/8298-032808-Reg.1 A1 - Sonia M. Hernandez-Divers A1 - Pedro Villegas A1 - Carlos Jimenez A1 - Stephen J. Hernandez-Divers A1 - Maricarmen Garcia A1 - Sylva M. Riblet A1 - Ron Carroll A1 - O'Connor,Barry M. A1 - Julie L. Webb A1 - Michael J. Yabsley A1 - Susan M. Williams A1 - Susan Sanchez SP - 558 EP - 566 KW - antimicrobial resistance KW - backyard chickens KW - Costa Rica KW - free-ranging KW - husbandry KW - pathogens KW - wild birds AB -

Pathogens of free-ranging chickens create a risk of disease for wild birds, some of which migrate to the United States, as well as potential economic losses for resource-poor farmers. Free-roaming backyard chickens are commonly kept in shade- grown coffee plantations, habitats that attract large numbers of wild birds. The husbandry and pathogen prevalence of backyard chicken flocks in San Luis, Costa Rica, were investigated. Based on serologic evidence, Newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, chicken anemia virus, and infectious bursal disease virus, as well as both Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, appear to be significant diseases of this population, and thus, we consider these backyard chickens potential reservoirs for these diseases. There was no evidence of avian influenza. Interviews, clinical examinations, and microscopic examination of tissues led us to believe that poxvirus is also a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in these chickens. We found that Escherichia coli isolates were resistant against tilmicosin, tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ticarcillin, and cephalothin, and contained genes considered responsible for conferring tetracycline resistance. Additionally, although production was not measured, we suspect that husbandry and lack of preventative medicine are directly related to the diseases reported, all of which negatively affect production.

RESUMEN. Las parvadas de aves de traspatio representan un riesgo de enfermedad para las aves tropicales en Costa Rica.
Los pato ́genos de las aves de traspatio generan un riesgo de enfermedad para las aves silvestres, algunas de las cuales migran a los Estados Unidos, generando a su vez potenciales pe ́rdidas econo ́micas para granjeros de escasos recursos. Las aves de traspatio criadas a la intemperie son comu ́nmente mantenidas en plantaciones de cafe ́ con abundante sombra, un habitat que atrae un gran nu ́mero de aves silvestres. En San Luis, Costa Rica, se investigo ́ el manejo y la prevalencia de pato ́genos en aves de traspatio. Basado en evidencia serolo ́gica, los virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle, laringotraqueitis infecciosa, bronquitis infecciosa, anemia infecciosa aviar y enfermedad infecciosa de la bolsa, as ́ı como el Mycoplasma gallisepticum y el Mycoplasma synoviae, son agentes causantes de enfermedades en esta poblacio ́n y en consecuencia se consideran a estas aves de traspatio como reservorios potenciales de estas enfermedades. No se encontro ́ evidencia de influenza aviar. Entrevistas, exa ́menes cl ́ınicos y evaluaciones microsco ́picas de tejidos nos llevan a creer que el virus de la viruela aviar es tambie ́n una causa significativa de morbilidad y mortalidad en estas aves. Se demostro ́ que los aislamientos de Escherichia coli eran resistentes a la tilmicosina, tetraciclina, ampicilina, amoxiciclina y a ́cido clavula ́nico, ticarciclina, cefalocina y conten ́ıan genes considerados responsables de conferir la resistencia a la tetraciciclina. Adicionalmente, aunque no se midio ́ la produccio ́n, se sospecha que las pra ́cticas de manejo y la falta de medicina preventiva esta ́n directamente relacionadas con las enfermedades reportadas, todas capaces de afectar negativamente la produccio ́n.

VL - 52 UR - http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1637/8298-032808-Reg.1 IS - 4 JO - Avian Diseases ER - TY - JOUR T1 - New species and additional data on the chewing louse genus Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from wild Neotropical Passeriformes (Aves) JF - Zootaxa Y1 - 2018 DO - 10.11646/zootaxa.4418.51 A1 - KOLENCIK, STANISLAV A1 - Oldřich Sychra A1 - Ivo Papoušek A1 - Kamila M. D. Kuabara A1 - Michel Paiva Valim A1 - Ivan Literák SP - 401 EP - 431 KW - Brazil KW - COI KW - Costa Rica KW - Honduras KW - new data KW - new species KW - Paraguay KW - Peru KW - Suboscines KW - Thamnophilidae KW - Tityridae AB -

Twenty-four species of chewing lice of the genus Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from Neotrop- ical Suboscines (Passeriformes: Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Pipridae, Thamnophilidae, Tityridae, Tyrannidae) are record- ed and discussed. They include: eight new species which are described and illustrated (Myrsidea capeki new species ex Chiroxiphia caudata; Myrsidea leptopogoni new species ex Leptopogon superciliaris; Myrsidea leucophthalmi new spe- cies ex Automolus leucophthalmus; Myrsidea pachyramphi new species ex Pachyramphus polychopterus; Myrsidea phi- lydori new species ex Philydor rufum; Myrsidea pyriglenae new species ex Pyriglena leucoptera; Myrsidea scleruri new species ex Sclerurus scansor and Myrsidea zuzanae new species ex Furnarius rufus), as well as nine previously known species with additional data on intraspecific morphological variability, host associations and geographical distribution (Myrsidea barbati Price, Hellenthal & Dalgleish, 2005; Myrsidea dalgleishi Valim, Price & Johnson, 2011; Myrsidea fla- viventris Price, Hellenthal & Dalgleish, 2005; Myrsidea klimesi Sychra, 2006; Myrsidea meyi Valim, Price & Johnson, 2011; Myrsidea oleaginei Price, Hellenthal & Dalgleish, 2005; Myrsidea olivacei Price, Hellenthal & Dalgleish, 2005; Myrsidea pitangi Price, Hellenthal & Dalgleish, 2005 and Myrsidea spellmani Price, Johnson & Dalgleish, 2008b). Seven further species are recorded at genus level only due to lack of adequate material. A 379 bp portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was sequenced from seven species in order to assess relative genetic divergences among Myrsidea populations.

VL - 4418 UR - https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/viewFile/38713/33069 IS - 5 JO - Zootaxa ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Redescriptions and new host records of chewing lice of the genus Ricinus (Phthiraptera: Ricinidae) from the Neotropical Region JF - Zootaxa Y1 - 2016 DO - 10.11646/zootaxa.4154.210.11646/zootaxa.4154.2.5 A1 - MIROSLAV VALAN A1 - Oldřich Sychra A1 - Ivan Literák SP - 179 EP - 189 KW - Chewing lice KW - Costa Rica KW - Honduras KW - new host-louse associations KW - Paraguay KW - Passerines KW - redescriptions AB -

Two species of the chewing louse genus Ricinus are redescribed and illustrated: Ricinus dalgleishi Nelson, 1972 from Helmitheros vermivorum (Gmelin, 1789), a new host-louse association, and Ricinus tanagraephilus Eichler, 1956 from Euphonia laniirostris d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837. Also, new host-louse associations are recorded for Ricinus vireoen- sis Nelson, 1972 from Vireo pallens Salvin, 1863, and for females of an unidentified species of Ricinus sp. from Corytho- pis delalandi (Lesson, 1831), which are described and illustrated.

VL - 4154 UR - http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4154.2 IS - 2 JO - Zootaxa ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Chewing lice of the genus Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from the Cardinalidae, Emberizidae, Fringillidae, and Thraupidae (Aves: Passeriformes) from Costa Rica, with descriptions of four new species JF - Zootaxa Y1 - 2011 A1 - KOUNEK, FILIP A1 - Oldřich Sychra A1 - M. Čapek A1 - Lipkova, Alexandra A1 - Ivan Literák SP - 1–16 KW - Amblycera KW - buntings KW - Costa Rica KW - euphonias KW - grosbeaks KW - Menoponidae KW - Myrsidea KW - new host-louse associations KW - new species KW - Passeriformes KW - Phthiraptera KW - tanagers AB -

A total of 376 individuals of 35 bird species belonging to the families Cardinalidae, Emberizidae, Fringillidae, and
Thraupidae were examined for chewing lice in Costa Rica in 2004, 2009 and 2010. A total of 128 birds of 19 species were
parasitised with 17 species of Myrsidea. Descriptions and illustrations are given for four new species of Myrsidea. These
new species and their type hosts are: Myrsidea bidentata ex Piranga bidentata (Cardinalidae), M. dolejskae ex Arremon
brunneinucha (Emberizidae), M. roubalovae ex Ramphocelus sanguinolentus (Thraupidae), and M. rubica ex Habia rubica
(Cardinalidae). Records of new host-louse associations are: Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (Emberizidae) and Euphonia
hirundinacea (Fringillidae) for M. violaceae, Ramphocelus costaricensis (Thraupidae) for M. fusca, and Tangara
dowii (Thraupidae) for M. bonariensis. Records of ten other louse species of the genus Myrsidea from birds belonging to
these families are also presented and discussed.

VL - 3032 UR - http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03032p016.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Chewing lice of genus Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from Turdidae (Passeriformes) of Costa Rica, with descriptions of seven new species JF - Zootaxa Y1 - 2013 A1 - KOUNEK, FILIP A1 - Oldřich Sychra A1 - M. Čapek A1 - Ivan Literák SP - 201–222 KW - Amblycera KW - Catharus KW - Costa Rica KW - Myadestes KW - Myrsidea KW - new host-louse associations KW - new species KW - population dynamics KW - Turdidae KW - Turdus AB -

A total of 166 individuals from 10 bird species belonging to the family Turdidae were examined for chewing lice in Costa
Rica during 2004, 2009 and 2010. A total of 12 species of the louse genus Myrsidea were collected from 54 birds,
including four previously named, seven new undescribed species, and one identified as Myrsidea sp. Names, descriptions
and illustrations are given for the seven new species of Myrsidea. They and their type hosts are: Myrsidea assimilis sp.
nov. ex Turdus assimilis (Cabanis, 1850), M. cerrodelamuertensis sp. nov. ex Catharus gracilirostris (Salvin, 1865), M.
hrabaki sp. nov. ex Myadestes melanops (Salvin, 1865), M. obsoleti sp. nov. ex Turdus obsoletus (Lawrence, 1862), M.
quinchoi sp. nov. ex Catharus frantzii (Cabanis, 1861), M. tapanti sp. nov. ex Catharus fuscater (Lafresnaye, 1845), and
M. tapetapersi sp. nov. ex Turdus nigrescens (Cabanis, 1861). Records of four named and one unidentified species of
Myrsidea from other Costa Rican thrushes are also given and discussed

VL - 3620 UR - http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/zt03620p222.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Chewing lice of the genus Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from New World warblers (Passeriformes: Parulidae) from Costa Rica, with description of four new species JF - Zootaxa Y1 - 2011 A1 - KOUNEK, FILIP A1 - Oldřich Sychra A1 - M. Čapek A1 - Ivan Literák SP - 56–63 KW - Amblycera KW - Costa Rica KW - lice KW - Menoponidae KW - Myrsidea KW - new host-louse associations KW - new species KW - Parulidae AB -

Four new species of chewing lice of the genus Myrsidea parasitic on members of the avian family Parulidae are described.
They and their type hosts are: Myrsidea basileuteri ex Basileuterus rufifrons, M. myiobori ex Myioborus miniatus, M.
paleno ex Parkesia motacilla and M. zeledoni ex Phaeothlypis fulvicauda. Records of undescribed Myrsidea representing
new louse-host associations for Basileuterus tristriatus and Parula pitiayumi are also discussed.

VL - 3137 UR - http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/zt03137p063_2.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The problem of pediculosis capitis in school children of the metropolitan area of San Jose, Costa Rica JF - Parasitología Latinoamericana Y1 - 2003 DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-77122003000300017. A1 - Calderón-Arguedas,Olger A1 - Solano,Mayra E. A1 - Sánchez,Claudio SP - 177 EP - 180 KW - Costa Rica KW - ectoparásitos KW - Pediculosis capitis AB -

El problema de la pediculosis capitis en escolares del área metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica. (paper in Spanish)

El problema de la pediculosis capitis fue estudiado en 7.312 niños procedentes de 28 escuelas del Area Metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica., mediante observación al ojo desnudo (NEO). De los casos presuntivos se tomó un muestra de cabello o de los supuestos parásitos. Este material fue aclarado y montado en medio Hoyer para su posterior observación microscópica. Se encontraron, 730 (10,0%) niños positivos al menos por una de las siguientes formas parasitarias: huevos eclosionados o no eclosionados, ninfas y adultos de P. humanus capitis. 590 (80,8%) de los positivos fueron niñas y 140 (19,2%) fueron niños. Las tasas de prevalencia observadas en las escuelas estudiadas mostraron valores entre el 3,2 y el 27,2%. Los datos obtenidos sugieren que la pediculosis capitis es uno de los problemas de salud pública más comunes en nuestros niños el cual puede interferir con los procesos de aprendizaje y el bienestar general de la población infantil.

Abstract in English

The problem of pediculosis capitis was studied in 28 schools of the metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica. 7.312 children were evaluated by naked eye observation (NEO) and a sample of hair or presuntive parasite forms was collected in all the suspected cases of pediculosis capitis. This material was cleared and mounted in Hoyer’s medium for microscopic observation. 730 (10.0%) of the testedchildren were positive at least for one of the following parasite forms: hatched or non-hatched eggs, nymphs and adults. 590 (80.8%) of the positive children were girls and 140 (19.2%) were boys.The prevalence rates observed in the studied schools showed values between 3.2 and 27.2%. These data suggest that pediculosis capitis is one of the most common public health problems in our children, that can interfere with their learning processes and general welfare.

 

VL - 58 UR - https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0717-77122003000300017&lng=en&nrm=iso ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) from typical antbirds and ground antbirds (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae, Formicariidae) from Costa Rica, with descriptions of three new species of the genera Formicaphagus and Myrsidea JF - Zootaxa Y1 - 2006 A1 - Oldřich Sychra A1 - Ivan Literák A1 - M. Čapek A1 - Havlícek,Martin SP - 47 EP - 61 KW - Chewing lice KW - Costa Rica KW - Formicaphagus KW - Formicariidae KW - Machaerilaemus KW - Myrsidea KW - Passeriformes KW - Phthiraptera KW - Thamnophilidae AB -

Descriptions and illustrations are given for one new species of Formicaphagus Carriker, 1957 and two new species of Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 from typical antbirds and ground antbirds from Costa Rica. They and their type hosts are: Formicaphagus tyrannina ex Cercomacra tyrannina (Thamnophilidae), Myrsidea mcleannani ex Phaenostictus mcleannani (Thamnophilidae) and Myrsidea klimesi ex Formicarius analis (Formicariidae). These are the first records of Myrsidea from members of the passerine families Thamnophilidae and Formicariidae. Records of two other known louse species, one of Formicaphagus and one of Machaerilaemus Harrison, 1915, both from thamnophilid hosts, are also discussed.

VL - 1206 UR - http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/z01206p061f.pdf N1 - 46260 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Hoplopleura janzeni n. sp. (Phthiraptera: Anoplura), a new sucking louse from a Central American swimming mouse JF - Journal of Parasitology Y1 - 2001 A1 - Lance A. Durden A1 - Timm,Robert M. SP - 1409 EP - 1413 KW - animals KW - Anoplura KW - atax KW - Costa Rica KW - Muridae/parasitology KW - n.sp. KW - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. KW - Swimming KW - Tropical Climate AB -

Both sexes of a new species of sucking louse Hoplopleura janzeni (Phthiraptera: Hoplopleuridae) are described and illustrated from the Central American ichthyomyine swimming mouse Rheomys raptor (Rodentia: Muridae) collected in Costa Rica. The morphology of the new species is compared with that of Hoplopleura exima Johnson, the only other species of sucking louse known to parasitize an ichthyomyine rodent. Hoplopleura janzeni is unique in having posteriorly directed spurs on the first antennal segment, the fore- and midcoxae, and the hind femora of both sexes.

VL - 87 UR - https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44889.pdf IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Chewing louse distributions on two tropical thrush species JF - Comparative Parasitology Y1 - 2002 A1 - Lindell,Catherine A. A1 - Gavin,Thomas A. A1 - Roger D. Price A1 - Sanders,Angela L. SP - 212 EP - 217 KW - Costa Rica KW - Turdus VL - 69 UR - http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/6647.pdf IS - 2 U2 - pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mallophagos en algunas aves Costarricenses JF - Brenesia Y1 - 1988 A1 - Marin,Manuel A1 - Kary C. Emerson SP - 93 EP - 100 KW - Costa Rica KW - mtax KW - PHP VL - 30 UR - http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/39245.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mallophaga from birds of Costa Rica, Central America JF - University of Nebraska Studies Y1 - 1903 A1 - Melbourne Armstrong Carriker Jr. SP - 123 EP - 197 KW - Amblycera KW - Costa Rica KW - gen.nov. KW - Ischnocera KW - mtax KW - Myrsidea KW - PHP KW - sp.nov. VL - 3 UR - https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0467.pdf IS - 2 N1 - Carriker describes the following taxa, many of which are new from his 1902 collecting trip in Costa Rica: Docophorus bisignatus from Guara alba Docophorus platystomas from Buteo borealis costaricensis & Buteo abbreviatus Docophorus platystoma umbrosus n. var., from Leucopternis semiplumbea Docophorus transversifrons n. sp., from Micrastur guerilla Docophorus californiensis from Melanerpes formicivorus, Dryobates villosus jardinii, Chloronerpes yucatanensis, and Melanerpes aurifrons hoffmani Docophorus bruneri n. sp., from Menacus candaei Docophorus underwoodi n. sp., from Psilorhinus mexicanus Docophorus comminis from Many hosts Docophorus cancellosus n. sp., from Rhamphastos tocard Nirmus fuscus epustulatus n. var., from Accipiter bicolor Nirmus curvilineatus from several hosts Nirmus atopus from several hosts Nirmus rhamphasti n. sp., from Rhamphastos tocard Nirmus hastiformisi n. sp., from Trogon caligatus Nirmus parabolocybe n. sp., from Muscivora tyrannus & Tyrannus melancholicus Nirmus marginellus from Momotus lessoni Nirmus francisi n. sp., from Zarhynchus wagleri Nirmus melanacocus n. sp., from Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta Nirmus pseudophaeus n. sp., from Pezopetes capitalis Nirmus brachythorax ptiliogonis n. var., from Ptiliogonys caudatus Nirmus caligineus n. sp., from Merula grayi Lipeurus longipes tinami n. var., from Tinamus robustus Lipeurus longisetaceus from Tinamus robustus Lipeurus postemarginatus n. sp., from Ortalis cinereiceps Lipeurus assesor from Gypagus papa Goniocotes eurysema n. sp., from Odontophorus gutatus Ornicholax n. gen. Ornicholax robustus n. sp., from Tinamus robustus Kelloggia n. gen. Kelloggia brevipes n. sp., from Tinamus robustus Goniodes minutus n. sp., from Tinamus robustus Goniodes laticeps from Tinamus robustus Goniodes abberans n. sp., from Tinamus robustus Goniodes longipes from Odontophorus guttatus Laemobothrium delogramma n. sp., from Gypagus papa Laemobothrium oligothrix n. sp., from Buteo borealis costaricensis Physostomum jiminezi n. sp., from Amizillis tzacatl & Selasphorus flammula Physostomum doratophorum n. sp., from Selasphorus flammula Physostomum leptosomusn. sp., from Myiarchus lawrencei nigricapillus and Myiozetetes cayanensis Physostomum angulatum from Tanagra cana Physostomum australefrom Tanagra cana Physostomum subangulatum n. sp., from Tanagra cana Physostomum picturatum from Helminthophila peregrina Physostomum pallens from Protonotaria citrea & Compsothlypis pitiayumi Colpocephalum gypagi n. sp., from Gypagus papa Colpocephalum osborni costaricense n. var., from Buteo borealis costaricensis Colpocephalum extraneum n. sp., from Nyctidromus albicollis Colpocephalum luroris n. sp., from Zarhynchus wagleri Colpocephalum mirabile n. sp., from Zarhynchus wagleri Nitzschia bruneri n. sp., from Aeronautes melanolencus Nitzschia bruneri meridionalis n. var., from Chaetura griseiventris Menopon tridens costaricense n. var., from Porzana cinereiceps Menopon ortalidis n. sp., from Ortalis cinereiceps Menopon fasciatum from Gypagus papa Menopon macrocybe n. sp., from Buteo platypterus Menopon praecursor meredionale n. var., from Melanerpes aurifrons hoffmanni and Odontophorus leucolaemus Menopon tityrus n. sp., from Tityra personata Menopon distinctu m from Myiarchus cinerascens and Myiarchus lawrencei nigricapilus Menopon stenodesmum n. sp., from Empidonax atriceps and Tanagra palmerum melanoptera Menopon thoracicumn. sp., from several species Menopon thoracicum majus n. var., from Merula grayi and Tanagra cana Menopon thoracicum fuscum n. var., from Ramphocelus passerinii Menopon difficilen. sp., from Buarremom brunneinuchus Menopon pallorisn. sp., from Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Menopon laticorpusn. sp., from Thamnophilus doliatus; 20040717 U2 - pdf ER -