<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ali Muhammad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rida Bashir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majid Mahmood</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhammad Sohail Afzal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sami Simsek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Usman Ayub Awan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mobushir Riaz Khan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haroon Ahmed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jianping Cao</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidemiology of Ectoparasites (Ticks, Lice, and Mites) in the Livestock of Pakistan: A Review</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Veterinary Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ectoparasites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pakistan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ticks</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dec-16-2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.780738/full</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9 pp</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;jats p=&quot;&quot;&gt;Ectoparasites, including lice, ticks, and mites, inhabit the host skin and depend on their host for sustenance, maturation, and multiplication. Among these, ticks are more prevalent in various regions of Pakistan because of favorable climatic conditions, lack of awareness of livestock keepers&amp;#39; regarding ectoparasite infestation rate, insufficient veterinary services, and inadequate control measures. Ectoparasitic infestation is a primary threat to cost-effective livestock production by damaging skin and transmitting multiple diseases between animals. This review aimed to determine the infestation rates of various ectoparasites in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, camels, equids and to ascertain the prevalence and epidemiology of ectoparasites in different regions of Pakistan. This review could be useful in devising prevention and control strategies and identifying the risk factors associated with ectoparasites to enhance animal productivity. It provides directions for veterinary schools, researchers, and organizations aiming to collaborate with neighboring countries to eradicate these parasites. Future studies could support working veterinarians and administrators and contribute to human well-being.&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">780738</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open Access</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haroon Ahmed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehmoona Naz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irfan Mustafa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mobushir Riaz Khan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saira Asif</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhammad Sohail Afzal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhammad Arshad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhammad Naveed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shahzad Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sami Simsek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of epidemiological factors on the prevalence, intensity and distribution of ectoparasites in pigeons</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Parasitic Diseases</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Parasit Dis</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">? Epidemiological factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">domestic pigeon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ectoparasites</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12639-017-0936-0</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1074 - 1081</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This study was carried out on domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) from September (2014) to June (2015) to determine the prevalence, intensity and species of ectoparasites in Sargodha region, east of Pakistan. A total of 200 domestic pigeons were inspected from the study area. Parasites were collected by forceps and stored in 70% ethanol. The epidemiological information e.g. health condition, color of plumage, mode of living, breed, intensity etc. were recorded in the form of questionnaire. The overall prevalence of ectoparasites in pigeon was 90.5% (181/200). Of the total of 200 (83 males and 117 females) domestic pigeons inspected, 73 (87.95%) and 108 (92.30%) were infected, respectively. The ectoparasites spp. were identified as Columbicola columbae (Linnaeus, 1758) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (Denny, 1842). The Qasid breed showed highest infestation rate (91.25%) as compared to other two observed breeds. Pigeon of white color were more infested (91%) as compared to other colors. Thus color and breed factors showing the random differences. In medicated birds the rate of infestation of ectoparasites was 87% reflecting that drugs are unable to control or might be due to resistance. There was significant difference between the number of parasites on tail, neck, chest and wings within different breeds, as well as in the months. The mean intensity of parasites was in urban areas (28.5), rural areas (14.98), and sub-rural areas (23.55). In conclusion the prevalence of ectoparasites in pigeons is very high in north-east region of Pakistan.&lt;/p&gt;
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