Complex interactions within the ectoparasite community of the eastern rock sengi (Elephantulus myurus)

Concomitant infection with more than one parasite species is the rule in nature. Since co-infecting parasites are exploiting the same host, interspecific interaction at the infracommunity level is likely. The nature of such interactions can be expected to affect the distribution of parasites within host populations. Intraspecific interactions within the infracommunity are not easily discernible from cross-sectional studies and the focus of most of these studies lies on relationships between endoparasitic micro- and macroparasites. In the current study of the ectoparasite community of wild eastern rock sengis (Elephantulus myurus) we experimentally reduced tick and flea infestations and monitored ectoparasite burdens over the course of three years. We found a number of within-taxon facilitating interactions between tick species that might be the result of decreasing immune responses with increasing tick burden. In contrast, inter-taxon relationships appeared to be dominated by antagonistic relationships likely to be linked to competition over feeding sites. Only one of the observed interspecific interactions was reciprocal. Our experimental manipulation revealed additional antagonistic relationships that cross-sectional studies would not have captured. In addition, we found substantial long-term changes in the sengi ectoparasite community as a result of our experimental manipulation suggesting carry-over effects of our treatment. This study is the first that evaluates interspecific interactions within the entire ectoparasite community exploiting a mammalian host in Africa and highlights the complexity of interspecific interactions within an ectoparasite community.